{
  "batch": "14-business-registers",
  "articles": [
    {
      "id": "learn_r14_business_registers_register_uk_companieshouse",
      "category": "Business",
      "title": "United Kingdom (Companies House): company incorporation public register and service addresses",
      "summary": "Incorporating a UK company publishes the registered office address and directors' service addresses on the public register, while residential addresses are kept off public display.",
      "body": "Incorporating a UK company publishes the registered office address and directors' service addresses on the public register, while residential addresses are kept off public display.\n\nWhat Companies House (GOV.UK) actually says:\n\n“The correspondence/service address is a location where official documents and notices can be delivered... and it will be displayed on the public record. The address does not have to be a residential address... Companies House will only provide home address information to specified Public Authorities and Credit Reference Agencies.”\n\nNote: Protects residential addresses while publishing service addresses.",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://ewf.companieshouse.gov.uk/help/en/stdwf/faqHelp.html",
      "last_verified": "2026-09-02",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Companies House (GOV.UK)",
      "evidence_quote": "The correspondence/service address is a location where official documents and notices can be delivered... and it will be displayed on the public record. The address does not have to be a residential address... Companies House will only provide home address information to specified Public Authorities and Credit Reference Agencies.",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "14-business-registers",
      "subject": "United Kingdom (Companies House)",
      "topic": "company incorporation public register and service addresses",
      "applies_to_country": "UK",
      "applies_to_scope": "Companies House statutory register",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "uk"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r14_business_registers_delaware_entity_public_search_fields",
      "category": "Business",
      "title": "[Unverified - being checked] Delaware LLC: What fields are public in the free online entity search",
      "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] Delaware's free online entity search discloses the entity name, file number, incorporation/formation date, and registered agent name, address and phone number",
      "body": "Delaware's free online entity search discloses the entity name, file number, incorporation/formation date, and registered agent name, address and phone number\n\nWhat Delaware Division of Corporations (State of Delaware) actually says:\n\n“The entity information provided free of charge, includes the entity name, file number, incorporation/formation date, registered agent name, address and phone number along with the entity kind, type, and residency.”\n\nNote: Fee-based entity status check costs $10 for status or $20 for more detailed information including current franchise tax assessment and current filing history.",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://corp.delaware.gov/faqs/",
      "last_verified": "2026-09-05",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Delaware Division of Corporations (State of Delaware)",
      "evidence_quote": "The entity information provided free of charge, includes the entity name, file number, incorporation/formation date, registered agent name, address and phone number along with the entity kind, type, and residency.",
      "volatility": "medium",
      "from_batch": "14-business-registers",
      "subject": "Delaware LLC",
      "topic": "What fields are public in the free online entity search",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "Delaware domestic and foreign entities, including LLCs",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us-de"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      },
      "verification": {
        "status": "unverified",
        "label": "Unverified - being checked",
        "reasons": [
          "legal_fetch_over_cap"
        ],
        "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r14_business_registers_delaware_registered_agent_required",
      "category": "Business",
      "title": "[Unverified - being checked] Delaware LLC: Registered agent requirement and service-address option",
      "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] Every Delaware entity must appoint a registered agent with a physical office address in Delaware, and an entity not physically located in Delaware must appoint one",
      "body": "Every Delaware entity must appoint a registered agent with a physical office address in Delaware, and an entity not physically located in Delaware must appoint one\n\nWhat Delaware Division of Corporations (State of Delaware) actually says:\n\n“Delaware Law requires every entity to appoint a Registered Agent with a physical office address in the State of Delaware. If the entity is not physically located in Delaware, they must appoint a Registered Agent to fulfill the requirement.”",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://corp.delaware.gov/faqs/",
      "last_verified": "2026-09-05",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Delaware Division of Corporations (State of Delaware)",
      "evidence_quote": "Delaware Law requires every entity to appoint a Registered Agent with a physical office address in the State of Delaware. If the entity is not physically located in Delaware, they must appoint a Registered Agent to fulfill the requirement.",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "14-business-registers",
      "subject": "Delaware LLC",
      "topic": "Registered agent requirement and service-address option",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "Delaware",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us-de"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      },
      "verification": {
        "status": "unverified",
        "label": "Unverified - being checked",
        "reasons": [
          "thin_body",
          "source_unverifiable:fetch_failed:budget"
        ],
        "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r14_business_registers_delaware_llc_members_managers_not_on_record",
      "category": "Business",
      "title": "[Unverified - being checked] Whether LLC member/manager names are on the public record",
      "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] Delaware alternative entities such as LLCs are not required to list members or managers, so those names are not added to the public record",
      "body": "Delaware alternative entities such as LLCs are not required to list members or managers, so those names are not added to the public record\n\nWhat Delaware Division of Corporations (State of Delaware) actually says:\n\n“Current officers and directors for Delaware corporations can be found on the most recent annual report. Alternative entities are not required to list members and/or managers.”\n\nNote: Delaware LLCs are not required to file an annual report, so no owner list accrues over time.",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://corp.delaware.gov/faqs/",
      "last_verified": "2026-09-05",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Delaware Division of Corporations (State of Delaware)",
      "evidence_quote": "Current officers and directors for Delaware corporations can be found on the most recent annual report. Alternative entities are not required to list members and/or managers.",
      "volatility": "medium",
      "from_batch": "14-business-registers",
      "subject": "Delaware LLC",
      "topic": "Whether LLC member/manager names are on the public record",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "Delaware LLCs, LPs, GPs (alternative entities); corporations must list directors/officers in annual reports",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us-de"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      },
      "verification": {
        "status": "unverified",
        "label": "Unverified - being checked",
        "reasons": [
          "legal_fetch_over_cap"
        ],
        "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r14_business_registers_delaware_owner_names_not_on_file",
      "category": "Business",
      "title": "[Unverified - being checked] Delaware LLC: Whether owner/shareholder names are held by the state",
      "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] The names of shareholders or owners are not on file with the Delaware Division of Corporations and are maintained by the corporation itself",
      "body": "The names of shareholders or owners are not on file with the Delaware Division of Corporations and are maintained by the corporation itself\n\nWhat Delaware Division of Corporations (State of Delaware) actually says:\n\n“This information is not on file with the Division of Corporations. That information is maintained by the corporation itself.”\n\nNote: Quote is the answer to the question 'Can I obtain the name of the shareholders or owners of a corporation?'; Federal FinCEN beneficial-ownership filings under the Corporate Transparency Act are separate.",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://corp.delaware.gov/faqs/",
      "last_verified": "2026-09-05",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Delaware Division of Corporations (State of Delaware)",
      "evidence_quote": "This information is not on file with the Division of Corporations. That information is maintained by the corporation itself.",
      "volatility": "medium",
      "from_batch": "14-business-registers",
      "subject": "Delaware LLC",
      "topic": "Whether owner/shareholder names are held by the state",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "Delaware",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us-de"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      },
      "verification": {
        "status": "unverified",
        "label": "Unverified - being checked",
        "reasons": [
          "legal_fetch_over_cap"
        ],
        "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r14_business_registers_delaware_llc_annual_tax_contested",
      "category": "Business",
      "title": "[Unverified - being checked] Cost: annual LLC tax amount",
      "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] Delaware LLCs pay an annual tax and do not file an annual report, but the Division of Corporations FAQ is internally inconsistent on whether the tax is $300 or $400",
      "body": "Delaware LLCs pay an annual tax and do not file an annual report, but the Division of Corporations FAQ is internally inconsistent on whether the tax is $300 or $400\n\nWhat Delaware Division of Corporations (State of Delaware) actually says:\n\n“All Domestic and Foreign Limited Liability Companies, Limited Partnerships, and General Partnerships formed or registered in Delaware are required to pay an annual tax of $400.00. There is no requirement to file an Annual Report.”\n\nNote: The same page separately states 'required to pay an annual tax of $300.00 for the prior year, due on or before June 1st', so the amount shown by the state site is inconsistent.",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://corp.delaware.gov/faqs/",
      "last_verified": "2026-09-05",
      "reliability": "CREATOR STRATEGY",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Delaware Division of Corporations (State of Delaware)",
      "evidence_quote": "All Domestic and Foreign Limited Liability Companies, Limited Partnerships, and General Partnerships formed or registered in Delaware are required to pay an annual tax of $400.00. There is no requirement to file an Annual Report.",
      "volatility": "high",
      "from_batch": "14-business-registers",
      "subject": "Delaware LLC",
      "topic": "Cost: annual LLC tax amount",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "Delaware",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us-de"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      },
      "verification": {
        "status": "unverified",
        "label": "Unverified - being checked",
        "reasons": [
          "legal_fetch_over_cap"
        ],
        "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r14_business_registers_wyoming_registered_agent_required",
      "category": "Business",
      "title": "Wyoming LLC: Registered agent requirement and service-address option",
      "summary": "All Wyoming businesses, domestic or foreign, must continuously maintain a registered agent with a physical Wyoming address to accept service of process",
      "body": "All Wyoming businesses, domestic or foreign, must continuously maintain a registered agent with a physical Wyoming address to accept service of process\n\nWhat Wyoming Secretary of State actually says:\n\n“A registered agent may be an individual who is at least eighteen (18) years old or a business entity who is registered and in good standing with this Office. A registered agent is required to have a physical Wyoming address to accept service of process. All businesses, domestic or foreign, are required to continuously maintain a registered agent.”",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://sos.wyo.gov/faqs.aspx?root=RAO",
      "last_verified": "2026-09-05",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Wyoming Secretary of State",
      "evidence_quote": "A registered agent may be an individual who is at least eighteen (18) years old or a business entity who is registered and in good standing with this Office. A registered agent is required to have a physical Wyoming address to accept service of process. All businesses, domestic or foreign, are required to continuously maintain a registered agent.",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "14-business-registers",
      "subject": "Wyoming LLC",
      "topic": "Registered agent requirement and service-address option",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "Wyoming",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us-wy"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r14_business_registers_wyoming_registered_office_address_rules",
      "category": "Business",
      "title": "Wyoming LLC: What addresses qualify as a registered office (service address)",
      "summary": "A Wyoming registered office must be a physical street address where an individual can accept service of process; post office boxes, drop boxes, virtual addresses, mail forwarding locations and mailbox stores do not qualify",
      "body": "A Wyoming registered office must be a physical street address where an individual can accept service of process; post office boxes, drop boxes, virtual addresses, mail forwarding locations and mailbox stores do not qualify\n\nWhat Wyoming Secretary of State actually says:\n\n“A registered office may be the same as the place of business, but by law, shall be located at a street address in Wyoming which shall be a physical location where an individual can accept service of process. Post office boxes, drop boxes, virtual addresses, mail forwarding locations, UPS or FedEx stores do not qualify as an acceptable registered office address.”",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://sos.wyo.gov/faqs.aspx?root=RAO",
      "last_verified": "2026-09-05",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Wyoming Secretary of State",
      "evidence_quote": "A registered office may be the same as the place of business, but by law, shall be located at a street address in Wyoming which shall be a physical location where an individual can accept service of process. Post office boxes, drop boxes, virtual addresses, mail forwarding locations, UPS or FedEx stores do not qualify as an acceptable registered office address.",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "14-business-registers",
      "subject": "Wyoming LLC",
      "topic": "What addresses qualify as a registered office (service address)",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "Wyoming",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us-wy"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r14_business_registers_wyoming_manager_names_public_only_if_filed",
      "category": "Business",
      "title": "Whether LLC manager names and addresses appear on the public record",
      "summary": "LLC manager names and addresses are kept by the registered agent and become part of the entity's public record only if the entity and agent agree to file them with the Secretary of State",
      "body": "LLC manager names and addresses are kept by the registered agent and become part of the entity's public record only if the entity and agent agree to file them with the Secretary of State\n\nWhat Wyoming Secretary of State actually says:\n\n“By law, a registered agent shall keep at the registered office: ● The names and addresses of the officers, directors, limited liability company managers, managing partners, trustees or persons serving in a similar capacity (applicable to domestic Wyoming entities only) ... EXCEPTION: If the entity and registered agent agree, then the entity (domestic or foreign) can file the above information with this Office and it will become part of the entity's public record [W.S. 17-28-107(b)];”\n\nNote: The agent must also keep the name, physical address and business phone number of a natural person authorized to receive communications from the agent.",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://sos.wyo.gov/faqs.aspx?root=RAO",
      "last_verified": "2026-09-05",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Wyoming Secretary of State",
      "evidence_quote": "By law, a registered agent shall keep at the registered office: ● The names and addresses of the officers, directors, limited liability company managers, managing partners, trustees or persons serving in a similar capacity (applicable to domestic Wyoming entities only) ... EXCEPTION: If the entity and registered agent agree, then the entity (domestic or foreign) can file the above information with this Office and it will become part of the entity's public record [W.S. 17-28-107(b)];",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "14-business-registers",
      "subject": "Wyoming LLC",
      "topic": "Whether LLC manager names and addresses appear on the public record",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "Wyoming",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us-wy"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r14_business_registers_wyoming_individual_registered_agent_rules",
      "category": "Business",
      "title": "Wyoming LLC: Using yourself as registered agent",
      "summary": "An individual may be their own registered agent in Wyoming if they are at least eighteen, reside in Wyoming, and have a physical Wyoming address and valid email address",
      "body": "An individual may be their own registered agent in Wyoming if they are at least eighteen, reside in Wyoming, and have a physical Wyoming address and valid email address\n\nWhat Wyoming Secretary of State actually says:\n\n“Yes. You must be at least eighteen (18) years old, reside in Wyoming, have a physical Wyoming address and valid email address to meet the qualifications to act as a registered agent.”\n\nNote: Acting as your own registered agent means your personal physical address would be the service address on record.",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://sos.wyo.gov/faqs.aspx?root=RAO",
      "last_verified": "2026-09-05",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Wyoming Secretary of State",
      "evidence_quote": "Yes. You must be at least eighteen (18) years old, reside in Wyoming, have a physical Wyoming address and valid email address to meet the qualifications to act as a registered agent.",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "14-business-registers",
      "subject": "Wyoming LLC",
      "topic": "Using yourself as registered agent",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "Wyoming",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us-wy"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r14_business_registers_florida_articles_of_organization_required_fields",
      "category": "Business",
      "title": "Florida LLC: What the Articles of Organization (public filing) must state",
      "summary": "Florida statute requires the Articles of Organization to state the LLC name, the street and mailing addresses of the principal office, and the name, street address in this state and written acceptance of the initial registered agent; manager or member names may be included but are not required",
      "body": "Florida statute requires the Articles of Organization to state the LLC name, the street and mailing addresses of the principal office, and the name, street address in this state and written acceptance of the initial registered agent; manager or member names may be included but are not required\n\nWhat The Florida Senate, 2025 Florida Statutes actually says:\n\n“(2) The articles of organization must state the following: (a) The name of the limited liability company, which must comply with s. 605.0112. (b) The street and mailing addresses of the company's principal office. (c) The name, street address in this state, and written acceptance of the company's initial registered agent. ... (b) For a manager-managed limited liability company, the names and addresses of one or more of the managers of the company. (c) For a member-managed limited liability company, the names and addresses of one or more of the members of the company.”",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://www.flsenate.gov/Laws/Statutes/2025/0605.0201",
      "last_verified": "2026-09-05",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "The Florida Senate, 2025 Florida Statutes",
      "evidence_quote": "(2) The articles of organization must state the following: (a) The name of the limited liability company, which must comply with s. 605.0112. (b) The street and mailing addresses of the company's principal office. (c) The name, street address in this state, and written acceptance of the company's initial registered agent. ... (b) For a manager-managed limited liability company, the names and addresses of one or more of the managers of the company. (c) For a member-managed limited liability company, the names and addresses of one or more of the members of the company.",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "14-business-registers",
      "subject": "Florida LLC",
      "topic": "What the Articles of Organization (public filing) must state",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "Florida",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us-fl"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r14_business_registers_florida_member_names_not_listed",
      "category": "Business",
      "title": "Whether LLC member names appear in the Articles of Organization",
      "summary": "Florida's Division of Corporations instructs filers not to list LLC members in the Articles of Organization",
      "body": "Florida's Division of Corporations instructs filers not to list LLC members in the Articles of Organization\n\nWhat Florida Department of State, Division of Corporations (Sunbiz) actually says:\n\n“Do not list members.”\n\nNote: Appears in the Manager/Authorized Representative section of the official filing instructions.",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://dos.fl.gov/sunbiz/start-business/efile/fl-llc/instructions/",
      "last_verified": "2026-09-05",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Florida Department of State, Division of Corporations (Sunbiz)",
      "evidence_quote": "Do not list members.",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "14-business-registers",
      "subject": "Florida LLC",
      "topic": "Whether LLC member names appear in the Articles of Organization",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "Florida",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us-fl"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r14_business_registers_florida_manager_names_optional",
      "category": "Business",
      "title": "Florida LLC: Whether manager names must be on the public record",
      "summary": "The names and street addresses of managers or authorized representatives are optional on Florida's Articles of Organization",
      "body": "The names and street addresses of managers or authorized representatives are optional on Florida's Articles of Organization\n\nWhat Florida Department of State, Division of Corporations (Sunbiz) actually says:\n\n“The names and street addresses of the authorized representatives or managers are optional.”",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://dos.fl.gov/sunbiz/start-business/efile/fl-llc/instructions/",
      "last_verified": "2026-09-05",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Florida Department of State, Division of Corporations (Sunbiz)",
      "evidence_quote": "The names and street addresses of the authorized representatives or managers are optional.",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "14-business-registers",
      "subject": "Florida LLC",
      "topic": "Whether manager names must be on the public record",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "Florida",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us-fl"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r14_business_registers_florida_registered_agent_rules",
      "category": "Business",
      "title": "Florida LLC: Registered agent requirement and service-address option",
      "summary": "A Florida LLC's registered agent must have a physical street address in Florida (no P.O. Box); the LLC itself cannot serve as its own registered agent, but an individual or principal associated with the business may",
      "body": "A Florida LLC's registered agent must have a physical street address in Florida (no P.O. Box); the LLC itself cannot serve as its own registered agent, but an individual or principal associated with the business may\n\nWhat Florida Department of State, Division of Corporations (Sunbiz) actually says:\n\n“An entity cannot serve as its own registered agent. However, an individual or principal associated with the business may serve as the registered agent. ... The registered agent must have a physical street address in Florida. (Do not list a P.O. Box address.)”\n\nNote: The registered agent must sign the application, and if a business entity is the agent, a principal of that entity must sign to accept the obligations.",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://dos.fl.gov/sunbiz/start-business/efile/fl-llc/instructions/",
      "last_verified": "2026-09-05",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Florida Department of State, Division of Corporations (Sunbiz)",
      "evidence_quote": "An entity cannot serve as its own registered agent. However, an individual or principal associated with the business may serve as the registered agent. ... The registered agent must have a physical street address in Florida. (Do not list a P.O. Box address.)",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "14-business-registers",
      "subject": "Florida LLC",
      "topic": "Registered agent requirement and service-address option",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "Florida",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us-fl"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r14_business_registers_florida_formation_fees",
      "category": "Business",
      "title": "Cost to form an LLC",
      "summary": "Forming a Florida LLC costs $100 for the Articles of Organization plus $25 for the registered agent designation, a $160 total with optional certified copy ($30) and certificate of status ($5)",
      "body": "Forming a Florida LLC costs $100 for the Articles of Organization plus $25 for the registered agent designation, a $160 total with optional certified copy ($30) and certificate of status ($5)\n\nWhat Florida Department of State, Division of Corporations (Sunbiz) actually says:\n\n“Articles of Organization $100.00 Registered Agent Designation $25.00 Certified Copy (optional) $30.00 Certificate of Status (optional) $5.00 TOTAL $160.00”\n\nNote: Fee table shown on the official New Florida Limited Liability Company Fees section of the instructions page.",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://dos.fl.gov/sunbiz/start-business/efile/fl-llc/instructions/",
      "last_verified": "2026-09-05",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Florida Department of State, Division of Corporations (Sunbiz)",
      "evidence_quote": "Articles of Organization $100.00 Registered Agent Designation $25.00 Certified Copy (optional) $30.00 Certificate of Status (optional) $5.00 TOTAL $160.00",
      "volatility": "medium",
      "from_batch": "14-business-registers",
      "subject": "Florida LLC",
      "topic": "Cost to form an LLC",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "Florida",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us-fl"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r14_business_registers_florida_annual_report_required",
      "category": "Business",
      "title": "Florida LLC: Annual report obligation",
      "summary": "Every Florida LLC must file an annual report to maintain active status, and failure to file leads to administrative dissolution",
      "body": "Every Florida LLC must file an annual report to maintain active status, and failure to file leads to administrative dissolution\n\nWhat Florida Department of State, Division of Corporations (Sunbiz) actually says:\n\n“Every LLC is required to file an annual report to maintain an 'active' status in our records. If the limited liability company fails to file the report, it will be administratively dissolved.”",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://dos.fl.gov/sunbiz/start-business/efile/fl-llc/instructions/",
      "last_verified": "2026-09-05",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Florida Department of State, Division of Corporations (Sunbiz)",
      "evidence_quote": "Every LLC is required to file an annual report to maintain an 'active' status in our records. If the limited liability company fails to file the report, it will be administratively dissolved.",
      "volatility": "medium",
      "from_batch": "14-business-registers",
      "subject": "Florida LLC",
      "topic": "Annual report obligation",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "Florida",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us-fl"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r14_business_registers_idaho_certificate_of_organization_requires_governor",
      "category": "Business",
      "title": "Idaho LLC: Whether a person's name appears in the public Certificate of Organization",
      "summary": "Idaho's Certificate of Organization must state the name and mailing address of at least one governor of the LLC",
      "body": "Idaho's Certificate of Organization must state the name and mailing address of at least one governor of the LLC\n\nWhat Idaho Legislature (Idaho Statutes, as amended 2026, ch. 80) actually says:\n\n“(b) A certificate of organization must state: (1) The name of the limited liability company that must comply with sections 30-21-301 and 30-21-302(d), Idaho Code; (2)(i) The street and mailing addresses of the company's principal office; ... (4) The name and mailing address of at least one (1) governor of the company;”\n\nNote: Idaho statutes define 'governor' separately in the definitions section; the Certificate of Organization paper form asks the filer to identify whether the person is a member or a manager.",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://legislature.idaho.gov/statutesrules/idstat/Title30/T30CH25/SECT30-25-201/",
      "last_verified": "2026-09-05",
      "reliability": "VERIFIED RULE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Idaho Legislature (Idaho Statutes, as amended 2026, ch. 80)",
      "evidence_quote": "(b) A certificate of organization must state: (1) The name of the limited liability company that must comply with sections 30-21-301 and 30-21-302(d), Idaho Code; (2)(i) The street and mailing addresses of the company's principal office; ... (4) The name and mailing address of at least one (1) governor of the company;",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "14-business-registers",
      "subject": "Idaho LLC",
      "topic": "Whether a person's name appears in the public Certificate of Organization",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "Idaho",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us-id"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r14_business_registers_idaho_principal_office_address_privacy_option",
      "category": "Business",
      "title": "Idaho LLC: Service-address option to avoid disclosing a home address",
      "summary": "An Idaho LLC with no physical location other than a residential address may list its commercial registered agent's street and mailing addresses as the principal office address if the registered agent consents",
      "body": "An Idaho LLC with no physical location other than a residential address may list its commercial registered agent's street and mailing addresses as the principal office address if the registered agent consents\n\nWhat Idaho Legislature (Idaho Statutes, as amended 2026, ch. 80) actually says:\n\n“(2)(i) The street and mailing addresses of the company's principal office; or (ii) The street and mailing addresses of the company's commercial registered agent if: 1. The limited liability company attests that it has no physical location other than a residential address; and 2. The commercial registered agent maintaining the registered office consents to the use of its address as the limited liability company's principal office;”",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://legislature.idaho.gov/statutesrules/idstat/Title30/T30CH25/SECT30-25-201/",
      "last_verified": "2026-09-05",
      "reliability": "VERIFIED RULE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Idaho Legislature (Idaho Statutes, as amended 2026, ch. 80)",
      "evidence_quote": "(2)(i) The street and mailing addresses of the company's principal office; or (ii) The street and mailing addresses of the company's commercial registered agent if: 1. The limited liability company attests that it has no physical location other than a residential address; and 2. The commercial registered agent maintaining the registered office consents to the use of its address as the limited liability company's principal office;",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "14-business-registers",
      "subject": "Idaho LLC",
      "topic": "Service-address option to avoid disclosing a home address",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "Idaho",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us-id"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r14_business_registers_idaho_formation_fees",
      "category": "Business",
      "title": "Cost to form an LLC",
      "summary": "Filing an Idaho LLC Certificate of Organization costs a $100 base fee, plus a $20 manual processing fee for paper filings, for a $120 total",
      "body": "Filing an Idaho LLC Certificate of Organization costs a $100 base fee, plus a $20 manual processing fee for paper filings, for a $120 total\n\nWhat Idaho Secretary of State actually says:\n\n“Certificate of Organization – Limited Liability Company $100 (base filing fee) $20 (manual processing fee) $120 Total”\n\nNote: Filing online avoids the $20 manual processing fee, per the note on the same page.",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://sos.idaho.gov/business-forms/",
      "last_verified": "2026-09-05",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Idaho Secretary of State",
      "evidence_quote": "Certificate of Organization – Limited Liability Company $100 (base filing fee) $20 (manual processing fee) $120 Total",
      "volatility": "medium",
      "from_batch": "14-business-registers",
      "subject": "Idaho LLC",
      "topic": "Cost to form an LLC",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "Idaho",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us-id"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r14_business_registers_idaho_registered_agent_requirements",
      "category": "Business",
      "title": "Idaho LLC: Registered agent requirement and service-address option",
      "summary": "An Idaho registered agent must have a physical street address in Idaho (no P.O. boxes), be available during normal business hours, and be either an individual living in Idaho or a business entity authorized to do business in Idaho",
      "body": "An Idaho registered agent must have a physical street address in Idaho (no P.O. boxes), be available during normal business hours, and be either an individual living in Idaho or a business entity authorized to do business in Idaho\n\nWhat Idaho Secretary of State actually says:\n\n“To be a registered agent in Idaho, you must: - Have a physical street address in Idaho (no P.O. boxes) - Be available during normal business hours - Be either: - An individual who lives in Idaho, or - A business entity authorized to do business in Idaho”\n\nNote: The same page states: 'You can serve as your own registered agent if you have an Idaho address.'",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://sos.idaho.gov/business-resources/",
      "last_verified": "2026-09-05",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Idaho Secretary of State",
      "evidence_quote": "To be a registered agent in Idaho, you must: - Have a physical street address in Idaho (no P.O. boxes) - Be available during normal business hours - Be either: - An individual who lives in Idaho, or - A business entity authorized to do business in Idaho",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "14-business-registers",
      "subject": "Idaho LLC",
      "topic": "Registered agent requirement and service-address option",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "Idaho",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us-id"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r14_business_registers_new_mexico_filings_online_only",
      "category": "Business",
      "title": "New Mexico LLC: How filings are made",
      "summary": "New Mexico no longer accepts paper filings for business applications; all filings are made online through the Secretary of State's filing portal",
      "body": "New Mexico no longer accepts paper filings for business applications; all filings are made online through the Secretary of State's filing portal\n\nWhat New Mexico Secretary of State (Maggie Toulouse Oliver) actually says:\n\n“All business filings have moved to online process. We will no longer accept paper filings for any business applications.”\n\nNote: Online portal is at enterprise.sos.nm.gov; once logged in, forms are under the 'Forms' tab.",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://www.sos.nm.gov/business-services/",
      "last_verified": "2026-09-05",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "New Mexico Secretary of State (Maggie Toulouse Oliver)",
      "evidence_quote": "All business filings have moved to online process. We will no longer accept paper filings for any business applications.",
      "volatility": "medium",
      "from_batch": "14-business-registers",
      "subject": "New Mexico LLC",
      "topic": "How filings are made",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "New Mexico",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us-nm"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r14_business_registers_new_mexico_registered_agent_continuously_maintained",
      "category": "Business",
      "title": "New Mexico LLC: Registered agent requirement",
      "summary": "A New Mexico domestic LLC must have and continuously maintain on file with the commission a registered agent and office meeting NMSA 1978 Section 53-19-5",
      "body": "A New Mexico domestic LLC must have and continuously maintain on file with the commission a registered agent and office meeting NMSA 1978 Section 53-19-5\n\nWhat Legal Information Institute (Cornell), New Mexico Administrative Code 12.3.4.11 actually says:\n\n“A domestic limited liability company shall have and continuously maintain on file with the commission a registered agent and office that meet the requirements in NMSA 1978 Sections 53-19-5.”",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://www.law.cornell.edu/regulations/new-mexico/N-M-Admin-Code-SS-12.3.4.11",
      "last_verified": "2026-09-05",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Legal Information Institute (Cornell), New Mexico Administrative Code 12.3.4.11",
      "evidence_quote": "A domestic limited liability company shall have and continuously maintain on file with the commission a registered agent and office that meet the requirements in NMSA 1978 Sections 53-19-5.",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "14-business-registers",
      "subject": "New Mexico LLC",
      "topic": "Registered agent requirement",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "New Mexico",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us-nm"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r14_business_registers_new_mexico_articles_of_organization_required_contents",
      "category": "Business",
      "title": "New Mexico LLC: What the Articles of Organization (public filing) must state",
      "summary": "New Mexico's Articles of Organization must set forth the LLC name, the street address of the initial registered office, the name of the initial registered agent at that address, and the street address of the principal place of business (if different); no organizer, member, or manager names are required, but the articles must state whether management is vested in a manager and whether it may operate as a single-member LLC",
      "body": "New Mexico's Articles of Organization must set forth the LLC name, the street address of the initial registered office, the name of the initial registered agent at that address, and the street address of the principal place of business (if different); no organizer, member, or manager names are required, but the articles must state whether management is vested in a manager and whether it may operate as a single-member LLC\n\nWhat Justia, 2025 New Mexico Statutes Section 53-19-8 actually says:\n\n“The articles of organization shall set forth: A. a name for the limited liability company that satisfies the requirements of Section 53-19-3 NMSA 1978; B. the street address of the initial registered office and the name of the initial registered agent at that address and the street address of the limited liability company's current principal place of business, if different from the address of its registered office; C. the period of duration, if other than perpetual; D. if management of the limited liability company is vested to any extent in a manager, a statement to that effect; E. if the limited liability company may carry on its business and affairs as a single member limited liability company, a statement to that effect;”\n\nNote: Justia notes this code text may not be the most recent version; statutory text shown is the 2025 version.",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://law.justia.com/codes/new-mexico/chapter-53/article-19/section-53-19-8/",
      "last_verified": "2026-09-05",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Justia, 2025 New Mexico Statutes Section 53-19-8",
      "evidence_quote": "The articles of organization shall set forth: A. a name for the limited liability company that satisfies the requirements of Section 53-19-3 NMSA 1978; B. the street address of the initial registered office and the name of the initial registered agent at that address and the street address of the limited liability company's current principal place of business, if different from the address of its registered office; C. the period of duration, if other than perpetual; D. if management of the limited liability company is vested to any extent in a manager, a statement to that effect; E. if the limited liability company may carry on its business and affairs as a single member limited liability company, a statement to that effect;",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "14-business-registers",
      "subject": "New Mexico LLC",
      "topic": "What the Articles of Organization (public filing) must state",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "New Mexico",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us-nm"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r14_business_registers_california_articles_of_organization_required_contents",
      "category": "Business",
      "title": "California LLC: What the Articles of Organization (public filing) must state",
      "summary": "California's Articles of Organization must state a purpose statement, the LLC name, the street address of the initial principal office (and mailing address if different), and the name and street address of the initial agent for service of process, plus statements if the LLC is manager-managed or managed by a single manager; no member names are required",
      "body": "California's Articles of Organization must state a purpose statement, the LLC name, the street address of the initial principal office (and mailing address if different), and the name and street address of the initial agent for service of process, plus statements if the LLC is manager-managed or managed by a single manager; no member names are required\n\nWhat California Legislative Information, Corporations Code Section 17702.01 actually says:\n\n“(3) The street address of the initial principal office and the mailing address of the limited liability company if different from the street address of the initial principal office. (4) The name and street address of the initial agent for service of process of the limited liability company who meets the qualifications specified in subdivision (c) of Section 17701.13. If a corporate agent is designated, only the name of the agent shall be set forth. (5) If the limited liability company is to be manager-managed, the articles of organization shall contain a statement to that effect.”\n\nNote: Because the street address of the initial principal office must be filed, an LLC whose principal office is the organizer's home would disclose that home street address on the public record unless a different (e.g. registered agent's) principal office address is used.",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?sectionNum=17702.01.&lawCode=CORP",
      "last_verified": "2026-09-05",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "California Legislative Information, Corporations Code Section 17702.01",
      "evidence_quote": "(3) The street address of the initial principal office and the mailing address of the limited liability company if different from the street address of the initial principal office. (4) The name and street address of the initial agent for service of process of the limited liability company who meets the qualifications specified in subdivision (c) of Section 17701.13. If a corporate agent is designated, only the name of the agent shall be set forth. (5) If the limited liability company is to be manager-managed, the articles of organization shall contain a statement to that effect.",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "14-business-registers",
      "subject": "California LLC",
      "topic": "What the Articles of Organization (public filing) must state",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "California",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us-ca"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r14_business_registers_california_statement_of_information_manager_member_names_public",
      "category": "Business",
      "title": "California LLC: Whether manager/member names and addresses appear on the public record",
      "summary": "Every California LLC must file a Statement of Information within 90 days of formation and biennially thereafter listing the name and complete business or residence addresses of each manager (and any chief executive officer) or, if no manager has been elected or appointed, the name and business or residence address of each member, plus the agent for service of process and principal office street address",
      "body": "Every California LLC must file a Statement of Information within 90 days of formation and biennially thereafter listing the name and complete business or residence addresses of each manager (and any chief executive officer) or, if no manager has been elected or appointed, the name and business or residence address of each member, plus the agent for service of process and principal office street address\n\nWhat California Legislative Information, Corporations Code Section 17702.09 actually says:\n\n“(5) The name and complete business or residence addresses of any manager or managers and the chief executive officer, if any, appointed or elected in accordance with the articles of organization or operating agreement or, if no manager has been so elected or appointed, the name and business or residence address of each member.”\n\nNote: The filing obligation applies to domestic LLCs and foreign LLCs registered in California; the address may be a business or residence address, so a manager or member's home address can appear on the public record.",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?sectionNum=17702.09.&lawCode=CORP",
      "last_verified": "2026-09-05",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "California Legislative Information, Corporations Code Section 17702.09",
      "evidence_quote": "(5) The name and complete business or residence addresses of any manager or managers and the chief executive officer, if any, appointed or elected in accordance with the articles of organization or operating agreement or, if no manager has been so elected or appointed, the name and business or residence address of each member.",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "14-business-registers",
      "subject": "California LLC",
      "topic": "Whether manager/member names and addresses appear on the public record",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "California",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us-ca"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r14_business_registers_california_formation_fees",
      "category": "Business",
      "title": "Cost to form an LLC",
      "summary": "Forming a California LLC costs a $70 filing fee for the Articles of Organization plus a $20 fee for the Statement of Information, which is due within 90 days of registration and every two years thereafter",
      "body": "Forming a California LLC costs a $70 filing fee for the Articles of Organization plus a $20 fee for the Statement of Information, which is due within 90 days of registration and every two years thereafter\n\nWhat California Secretary of State actually says:\n\n“Formation - Articles of Organization ... Fees $70.00 ... Statement of Information: Due within 90 days of initial registration and every two years thereafter ... $20.00”\n\nNote: Corporations Code 17702.01(g) requires the Secretary of State to notify filers that forming the LLC obligates it to pay an annual tax to the Franchise Tax Board under Rev. & Tax. Code 17941; the tax amount was not stated on the opened pages.",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://www.sos.ca.gov/business-programs/business-entities/forms/limited-liability-companies-california-domestic",
      "last_verified": "2026-09-05",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "California Secretary of State",
      "evidence_quote": "Formation - Articles of Organization ... Fees $70.00 ... Statement of Information: Due within 90 days of initial registration and every two years thereafter ... $20.00",
      "volatility": "medium",
      "from_batch": "14-business-registers",
      "subject": "California LLC",
      "topic": "Cost to form an LLC",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "California",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us-ca"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r14_business_registers_texas_governing_person_names_addresses_required",
      "category": "Business",
      "title": "Texas LLC: Whether a person's name and address appear in the public Certificate of Formation",
      "summary": "Texas's Certificate of Formation must state whether the LLC has managers and provide the name and address of each initial manager, or if none, the name and address of each initial member, with a minimum of one person; an address is always required for each governing person",
      "body": "Texas's Certificate of Formation must state whether the LLC has managers and provide the name and address of each initial manager, or if none, the name and address of each initial member, with a minimum of one person; an address is always required for each governing person\n\nWhat Texas Secretary of State (Form 205 instructions) actually says:\n\n“The certificate of formation must state whether the LLC initially has or does not have managers. If the LLC initially has managers, select option A and provide the name and address of each initial manager in the space provided. If the LLC initially does not have managers, select option B and provide the name and address of each initial member of the LLC in the space provided. A minimum of one person is required. ... An address is always required for each governing person.”\n\nNote: The organizer signs the certificate but need not be a governing person; 'There are no residency requirements for an organizer.'",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://www.sos.state.tx.us/corp/instructions/205.shtml",
      "last_verified": "2026-09-05",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Texas Secretary of State (Form 205 instructions)",
      "evidence_quote": "The certificate of formation must state whether the LLC initially has or does not have managers. If the LLC initially has managers, select option A and provide the name and address of each initial manager in the space provided. If the LLC initially does not have managers, select option B and provide the name and address of each initial member of the LLC in the space provided. A minimum of one person is required. ... An address is always required for each governing person.",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "14-business-registers",
      "subject": "Texas LLC",
      "topic": "Whether a person's name and address appear in the public Certificate of Formation",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "Texas",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us-tx"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r14_business_registers_texas_registered_agent_rules",
      "category": "Business",
      "title": "Texas LLC: Registered agent requirement and service-address option",
      "summary": "A Texas registered agent can be a domestic entity, a foreign entity registered to do business in Texas, or an individual resident of the state; the LLC cannot act as its own registered agent; the registered office must be a street address where service of process can be personally served during normal business hours and may not be solely a mailbox or telephone answering service",
      "body": "A Texas registered agent can be a domestic entity, a foreign entity registered to do business in Texas, or an individual resident of the state; the LLC cannot act as its own registered agent; the registered office must be a street address where service of process can be personally served during normal business hours and may not be solely a mailbox or telephone answering service\n\nWhat Texas Secretary of State (Form 205 instructions) actually says:\n\n“The registered agent can be either (option A) a domestic entity or a foreign entity that is registered to do business in Texas or (option B) an individual resident of the state. The limited liability company cannot act as its own registered agent; do not enter the limited liability company name as the name of the registered agent. ... The registered office address must be located at a street address where service of process may be personally served on the entity's registered agent during normal business hours. Although the registered office is not required to be the entity's principal place of business, the registered office may not be solely a mailbox service or telephone answering service (BOC § 5.201).”\n\nNote: An LLC that takes no other action would use the registered agent's street address as its service address; failure to maintain a registered agent and office may result in involuntary termination of the LLC.",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://www.sos.state.tx.us/corp/instructions/205.shtml",
      "last_verified": "2026-09-05",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Texas Secretary of State (Form 205 instructions)",
      "evidence_quote": "The registered agent can be either (option A) a domestic entity or a foreign entity that is registered to do business in Texas or (option B) an individual resident of the state. The limited liability company cannot act as its own registered agent; do not enter the limited liability company name as the name of the registered agent. ... The registered office address must be located at a street address where service of process may be personally served on the entity's registered agent during normal business hours. Although the registered office is not required to be the entity's principal place of business, the registered office may not be solely a mailbox service or telephone answering service (BOC § 5.201).",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "14-business-registers",
      "subject": "Texas LLC",
      "topic": "Registered agent requirement and service-address option",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "Texas",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us-tx"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r14_business_registers_texas_formation_fee_300",
      "category": "Business",
      "title": "Cost to form an LLC",
      "summary": "The filing fee for forming a Texas LLC (Certificate of Formation) is $300",
      "body": "The filing fee for forming a Texas LLC (Certificate of Formation) is $300\n\nWhat Texas Secretary of State (Form 205 instructions) actually says:\n\n“The filing fee for a certificate of formation for an LLC is $300.”",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://www.sos.state.tx.us/corp/instructions/205.shtml",
      "last_verified": "2026-09-05",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Texas Secretary of State (Form 205 instructions)",
      "evidence_quote": "The filing fee for a certificate of formation for an LLC is $300.",
      "volatility": "medium",
      "from_batch": "14-business-registers",
      "subject": "Texas LLC",
      "topic": "Cost to form an LLC",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "Texas",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us-tx"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r14_business_registers_new_york_service_of_process_address_on_record",
      "category": "Business",
      "title": "New York LLC: What the Articles of Organization (public filing) must contain",
      "summary": "New York Articles of Organization must name the county where the LLC's office is located and designate the Secretary of State as the LLC's agent for service of process with a mailing address to which process is sent; member or manager names are not among the required items on the official instructions, and the internal Operating Agreement is not filed",
      "body": "New York Articles of Organization must name the county where the LLC's office is located and designate the Secretary of State as the LLC's agent for service of process with a mailing address to which process is sent; member or manager names are not among the required items on the official instructions, and the internal Operating Agreement is not filed\n\nWhat New York State Department of State actually says:\n\n“The Articles of Organization must designate the county within New York State where the LLC's office will be located. ... The LLC must designate the Secretary of State as its agent for service of process. Provide an address to which the Secretary of State may mail a copy of any process received.”\n\nNote: The Operating Agreement 'is an internal document of the LLC and is not filed with the Department of State.'",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://dos.ny.gov/forming-limited-liability-company-new-york",
      "last_verified": "2026-09-05",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "New York State Department of State",
      "evidence_quote": "The Articles of Organization must designate the county within New York State where the LLC's office will be located. ... The LLC must designate the Secretary of State as its agent for service of process. Provide an address to which the Secretary of State may mail a copy of any process received.",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "14-business-registers",
      "subject": "New York LLC",
      "topic": "What the Articles of Organization (public filing) must contain",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "New York",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us-ny"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r14_business_registers_new_york_publication_requirement",
      "category": "Business",
      "title": "New York LLC: Newspaper publication requirement and whether it exposes persons",
      "summary": "Within 120 days after filing, most New York LLCs must publish their Articles of Organization or a formation notice in two newspapers designated by the county clerk for six consecutive weeks (newspapers charge a fee), then file a Certificate of Publication with the affidavits and a $50 filing fee; failure results in suspension of the LLC's authority to carry on business",
      "body": "Within 120 days after filing, most New York LLCs must publish their Articles of Organization or a formation notice in two newspapers designated by the county clerk for six consecutive weeks (newspapers charge a fee), then file a Certificate of Publication with the affidavits and a $50 filing fee; failure results in suspension of the LLC's authority to carry on business\n\nWhat New York State Department of State actually says:\n\n“Section 206 of the Limited Liability Company Law requires a copy of the Articles of Organization or a notice related to the formation of most limited liability companies to be published in two newspapers for six consecutive weeks. The newspapers must be designated by the county clerk of the county in which the office of the LLC is located. The newspapers charge a fee for the publication of the notice. ... Failure to publish and file the Certificate of Publication with the Department of State within 120 days will result in the suspension of the LLC's authority to carry on, conduct or transact business.”\n\nNote: The published notice must exactly match the LLC name and the Department of State's records; theatrical production companies are exempt under Section 23.03 of the Arts and Cultural Affairs Law.",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://dos.ny.gov/forming-limited-liability-company-new-york",
      "last_verified": "2026-09-05",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "New York State Department of State",
      "evidence_quote": "Section 206 of the Limited Liability Company Law requires a copy of the Articles of Organization or a notice related to the formation of most limited liability companies to be published in two newspapers for six consecutive weeks. The newspapers must be designated by the county clerk of the county in which the office of the LLC is located. The newspapers charge a fee for the publication of the notice. ... Failure to publish and file the Certificate of Publication with the Department of State within 120 days will result in the suspension of the LLC's authority to carry on, conduct or transact business.",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "14-business-registers",
      "subject": "New York LLC",
      "topic": "Newspaper publication requirement and whether it exposes persons",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "New York",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us-ny"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r14_business_registers_new_york_formation_fees",
      "category": "Business",
      "title": "Cost to form an LLC",
      "summary": "Forming a New York LLC costs a $200 filing fee for the Articles of Organization plus a $50 Certificate of Publication filing fee, excluding the separate fees charged by the newspapers for the required publication",
      "body": "Forming a New York LLC costs a $200 filing fee for the Articles of Organization plus a $50 Certificate of Publication filing fee, excluding the separate fees charged by the newspapers for the required publication\n\nWhat New York State Department of State actually says:\n\n“The fee for filing the Articles of Organization is $200. ... A Certificate of Publication, with the affidavits of publication of the newspapers annexed thereto, must be submitted to the Department of State, with a $50 filing fee.”",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://dos.ny.gov/forming-limited-liability-company-new-york",
      "last_verified": "2026-09-05",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "New York State Department of State",
      "evidence_quote": "The fee for filing the Articles of Organization is $200. ... A Certificate of Publication, with the affidavits of publication of the newspapers annexed thereto, must be submitted to the Department of State, with a $50 filing fee.",
      "volatility": "medium",
      "from_batch": "14-business-registers",
      "subject": "New York LLC",
      "topic": "Cost to form an LLC",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "New York",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us-ny"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r14_business_registers_uk_director_details_public_and_home_address_private",
      "category": "Business",
      "title": "UK Limited Company: What director details appear on the public Companies House register",
      "summary": "Companies House makes a director's name, nationality, month and year of birth, and service address public, but their usual residential address is kept on a private register and is not available to the public; if both addresses are the same, the home address appears on the public register",
      "body": "Companies House makes a director's name, nationality, month and year of birth, and service address public, but their usual residential address is kept on a private register and is not available to the public; if both addresses are the same, the home address appears on the public register\n\nWhat Companies House (GOV.UK guidance) actually says:\n\n“If you're a director of a registered company, some of your details will be made public. This includes your: name, nationality, month and year of your date of birth. ... The usual residential address is the director's home address. You must tell Companies House your home address, but this will not be available on the public register for everyone to see. Your home address is kept on a private register.”\n\nNote: For directors appointed after 10 October 2015 only month and year of birth are public; full date of birth stays on the private register. The public register is searchable worldwide free of charge via Find and update company information.",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://www.gov.uk/guidance/your-personal-information-on-the-companies-house-register",
      "last_verified": "2026-09-05",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Companies House (GOV.UK guidance)",
      "evidence_quote": "If you're a director of a registered company, some of your details will be made public. This includes your: name, nationality, month and year of your date of birth. ... The usual residential address is the director's home address. You must tell Companies House your home address, but this will not be available on the public register for everyone to see. Your home address is kept on a private register.",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "14-business-registers",
      "subject": "UK Limited Company",
      "topic": "What director details appear on the public Companies House register",
      "applies_to_country": "GB",
      "applies_to_scope": "UK registered companies",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "uk"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r14_business_registers_uk_registered_office_address_public",
      "category": "Business",
      "title": "UK Limited Company: Registered office address on the public register",
      "summary": "A company's registered office address (and any SAIL) is public on the Companies House register and must be an appropriate address in the country of registration; companies can avoid exposing a home address by choosing a different registered office or service address, including via fee-charging registered-office service providers",
      "body": "A company's registered office address (and any SAIL) is public on the Companies House register and must be an appropriate address in the country of registration; companies can avoid exposing a home address by choosing a different registered office or service address, including via fee-charging registered-office service providers\n\nWhat Companies House (GOV.UK guidance) actually says:\n\n“If you run your company from home, you should choose a different registered office address if you do not want your home address to be publicly available. ... All providers of registered office services will charge a fee for their services.”\n\nNote: A service address used by a director is also public, so using the company's registered office as the director service address avoids publishing a home address.",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://www.gov.uk/guidance/your-personal-information-on-the-companies-house-register",
      "last_verified": "2026-09-05",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Companies House (GOV.UK guidance)",
      "evidence_quote": "If you run your company from home, you should choose a different registered office address if you do not want your home address to be publicly available. ... All providers of registered office services will charge a fee for their services.",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "14-business-registers",
      "subject": "UK Limited Company",
      "topic": "Registered office address on the public register",
      "applies_to_country": "GB",
      "applies_to_scope": "UK registered companies",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "uk"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r14_business_registers_uk_psc_details_public_except_residential_address",
      "category": "Business",
      "title": "UK Limited Company: Whether owners (people with significant control) are on the public register",
      "summary": "Persons with significant control (PSCs) must give the same personal information as directors plus details of how they control the company, and most PSC information is available to the public apart from their home address and full date of birth",
      "body": "Persons with significant control (PSCs) must give the same personal information as directors plus details of how they control the company, and most PSC information is available to the public apart from their home address and full date of birth\n\nWhat Companies House (GOV.UK guidance) actually says:\n\n“Most PSC information is available to the public, apart from their home address and full date of birth.”\n\nNote: PSCs must choose a different service address if they do not want their home address to be public; protection orders can also restrict disclosure to credit reference agencies.",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://www.gov.uk/guidance/your-personal-information-on-the-companies-house-register",
      "last_verified": "2026-09-05",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Companies House (GOV.UK guidance)",
      "evidence_quote": "Most PSC information is available to the public, apart from their home address and full date of birth.",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "14-business-registers",
      "subject": "UK Limited Company",
      "topic": "Whether owners (people with significant control) are on the public register",
      "applies_to_country": "GB",
      "applies_to_scope": "UK registered companies",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "uk"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r14_business_registers_canada_federal_director_names_and_addresses_public",
      "category": "Business",
      "title": "Canada Federal Corporation (CBCA): Whether director names and addresses are on the public registry",
      "summary": "For federally incorporated (CBCA) corporations, the registered office address and the names and addresses of directors are public corporate information; a director's address can be a residential address or a non-residential address for service, but cannot be a post office box, and changes must be reported within 15 days",
      "body": "For federally incorporated (CBCA) corporations, the registered office address and the names and addresses of directors are public corporate information; a director's address can be a residential address or a non-residential address for service, but cannot be a post office box, and changes must be reported within 15 days\n\nWhat Corporations Canada, Innovation Science and Economic Development Canada actually says:\n\n“Information about federal corporations is public information. This includes a corporation's registered office address, the names and addresses of its directors, and some information about its individuals with significant control (ISCs). ... The address directors must provide can either be a residential address or an address for service that is not their residential address. ... A director's address cannot be a post office box.”\n\nNote: The Privacy Act permits disclosure because corporate laws require it; an address for service avoids publishing a residential address provided one is supplied to Corporations Canada.",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/corporations-canada/en/business-corporations/public-disclosure-corporate-information",
      "last_verified": "2026-09-05",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Corporations Canada, Innovation Science and Economic Development Canada",
      "evidence_quote": "Information about federal corporations is public information. This includes a corporation's registered office address, the names and addresses of its directors, and some information about its individuals with significant control (ISCs). ... The address directors must provide can either be a residential address or an address for service that is not their residential address. ... A director's address cannot be a post office box.",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "14-business-registers",
      "subject": "Canada Federal Corporation (CBCA)",
      "topic": "Whether director names and addresses are on the public registry",
      "applies_to_country": "CA",
      "applies_to_scope": "Canada federal (CBCA) corporations",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "ca"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r14_business_registers_canada_federal_registered_office_address_public",
      "category": "Business",
      "title": "Canada Federal Corporation (CBCA): Registered office address on the public registry",
      "summary": "The registered office street address of a federal corporation is published on Corporations Canada's online database and remains public even after dissolution, amalgamation or discontinuance",
      "body": "The registered office street address of a federal corporation is published on Corporations Canada's online database and remains public even after dissolution, amalgamation or discontinuance\n\nWhat Corporations Canada, Innovation Science and Economic Development Canada actually says:\n\n“Some public information on a corporation, such as the registered office address, the names and addresses of directors and its governing legislation, is published on the Corporations Canada's online database.”\n\nNote: Historical info: 'Information and documents filed with Corporations Canada are not removed from the corporate records even when new information or documents are filed.'",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/corporations-canada/en/business-corporations/public-disclosure-corporate-information",
      "last_verified": "2026-09-05",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Corporations Canada, Innovation Science and Economic Development Canada",
      "evidence_quote": "Some public information on a corporation, such as the registered office address, the names and addresses of directors and its governing legislation, is published on the Corporations Canada's online database.",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "14-business-registers",
      "subject": "Canada Federal Corporation (CBCA)",
      "topic": "Registered office address on the public registry",
      "applies_to_country": "CA",
      "applies_to_scope": "Canada federal (CBCA) corporations",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "ca"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r14_business_registers_canada_federal_isc_residential_address_public_unless_service_address",
      "category": "Business",
      "title": "Canada Federal Corporation (CBCA): Whether owners (individuals with significant control) are on the public registry",
      "summary": "For CBCA corporations the Search for a federal corporation tool publicly shows each individual with significant control's name, residential address (unless an address for service is provided), the dates they became and ceased to be an ISC, and a description of their significant control",
      "body": "For CBCA corporations the Search for a federal corporation tool publicly shows each individual with significant control's name, residential address (unless an address for service is provided), the dates they became and ceased to be an ISC, and a description of their significant control\n\nWhat Corporations Canada, Innovation Science and Economic Development Canada actually says:\n\n“The following ISC information is available to the public on Corporations Canada's website via the Search for a federal corporation tool: - name - residential address or address for service if one is provided - date the individual became an ISC and ceased to be an ISC - description of the ISC's significant control.”\n\nNote: ISC filing (required since January 22, 2024) also collects date of birth, citizenship and tax-residence countries, which are filed but were not listed among the fields made public on this page.",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/corporations-canada/en/business-corporations/public-disclosure-corporate-information",
      "last_verified": "2026-09-05",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Corporations Canada, Innovation Science and Economic Development Canada",
      "evidence_quote": "The following ISC information is available to the public on Corporations Canada's website via the Search for a federal corporation tool: - name - residential address or address for service if one is provided - date the individual became an ISC and ceased to be an ISC - description of the ISC's significant control.",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "14-business-registers",
      "subject": "Canada Federal Corporation (CBCA)",
      "topic": "Whether owners (individuals with significant control) are on the public registry",
      "applies_to_country": "CA",
      "applies_to_scope": "Canada federal (CBCA) corporations",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "ca"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r14_business_registers_australia_free_company_search_fields",
      "category": "Business",
      "title": "What the public company register shows for free",
      "summary": "ASIC's public company register shows for free the company or organisation name, type, ABN/ACN/ARBN/ARSN, registration date, next review date, the suburb, state and postcode of the registered office address, and a list of lodged documents; the full registered office address is only in paid extracts",
      "body": "ASIC's public company register shows for free the company or organisation name, type, ABN/ACN/ARBN/ARSN, registration date, next review date, the suburb, state and postcode of the registered office address, and a list of lodged documents; the full registered office address is only in paid extracts\n\nWhat Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) actually says:\n\n“Basic information about the company or organisation is available for free. This includes: - company or organisation name - type of company or organisation - ABN, ACN, ARBN or ARSN - registration date - next review date - the suburb, state and postcode of the registered office address - a list of documents lodged with ASIC.”",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://www.asic.gov.au/online-services/search-asic-registers/company-and-organisation-registers",
      "last_verified": "2026-09-05",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC)",
      "evidence_quote": "Basic information about the company or organisation is available for free. This includes: - company or organisation name - type of company or organisation - ABN, ACN, ARBN or ARSN - registration date - next review date - the suburb, state and postcode of the registered office address - a list of documents lodged with ASIC.",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "14-business-registers",
      "subject": "Australia Company (ASIC register)",
      "topic": "What the public company register shows for free",
      "applies_to_country": "AU",
      "applies_to_scope": "Australian companies and other registered organisations",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "au"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r14_business_registers_australia_officeholder_addresses_not_in_extracts",
      "category": "Business",
      "title": "What paid company extracts disclose about officeholders",
      "summary": "Company extracts show each officeholder's name and date of birth, but since 2 February 2026 officeholder addresses are not available in ASIC extracts; paid extracts cost $10 (current), $20 (current and historical) or $23 (roles and relationship), and a certificate of registration costs $23",
      "body": "Company extracts show each officeholder's name and date of birth, but since 2 February 2026 officeholder addresses are not available in ASIC extracts; paid extracts cost $10 (current), $20 (current and historical) or $23 (roles and relationship), and a certificate of registration costs $23\n\nWhat Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) actually says:\n\n“Important change - Officeholder addresses are not available in this ASIC extract. ASIC implemented this change in response to broader privacy and safety concerns including the potential to access personal information, heightened concerns around personal safety and to reduce the risk of identity theft and cyber-crime.”\n\nNote: Documents lodged with ASIC are also purchasable: $20 for a document of less than 10 pages, $50 for 10 pages or more.",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://www.asic.gov.au/online-services/search-asic-registers/company-and-organisation-registers",
      "last_verified": "2026-09-05",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC)",
      "evidence_quote": "Important change - Officeholder addresses are not available in this ASIC extract. ASIC implemented this change in response to broader privacy and safety concerns including the potential to access personal information, heightened concerns around personal safety and to reduce the risk of identity theft and cyber-crime.",
      "volatility": "medium",
      "from_batch": "14-business-registers",
      "subject": "Australia Company (ASIC register)",
      "topic": "What paid company extracts disclose about officeholders",
      "applies_to_country": "AU",
      "applies_to_scope": "Australian companies",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "au"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r14_business_registers_australia_residential_addresses_required_and_suppression",
      "category": "Business",
      "title": "Whether officeholders' residential addresses are on the register and can be hidden",
      "summary": "Companies must give ASIC officeholders' residential addresses, and these are included on the companies register and can appear in purchasable lodged documents; an officeholder can apply to suppress a residential address only if they believe their or their family's safety is at risk, and must provide an alternative physical address in Australia that is published instead",
      "body": "Companies must give ASIC officeholders' residential addresses, and these are included on the companies register and can appear in purchasable lodged documents; an officeholder can apply to suppress a residential address only if they believe their or their family's safety is at risk, and must provide an alternative physical address in Australia that is published instead\n\nWhat Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) actually says:\n\n“Companies must provide company officeholders' details to ASIC, including their residential addresses. Company officeholders' details, including their residential addresses, are included on the companies register. ... Residential addresses are not shown in company extracts available from our website, but they might be shown in other documents that the public can purchase and download.”\n\nNote: Suppression on the company register does not hide a residential address on the separate business names register, which remains public.",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://www.asic.gov.au/for-business-and-companies/companies/register-a-company/hide-a-residential-address-on-the-companies-register",
      "last_verified": "2026-09-05",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC)",
      "evidence_quote": "Companies must provide company officeholders' details to ASIC, including their residential addresses. Company officeholders' details, including their residential addresses, are included on the companies register. ... Residential addresses are not shown in company extracts available from our website, but they might be shown in other documents that the public can purchase and download.",
      "volatility": "medium",
      "from_batch": "14-business-registers",
      "subject": "Australia Company (ASIC register)",
      "topic": "Whether officeholders' residential addresses are on the register and can be hidden",
      "applies_to_country": "AU",
      "applies_to_scope": "Australian company officeholders",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "au"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      }
    }
  ]
}