{
  "batch": "20-dmca-takedowns",
  "articles": [
    {
      "id": "learn_r20_dmca_takedowns_dmca_statute_notice",
      "category": "Safety",
      "title": "[Unverified - being checked] 17 U.S.C. § 512(c)(3): elements of a valid DMCA takedown notice",
      "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] A valid DMCA takedown notice must include a physical or electronic signature, identification of the copyrighted work, identification of the infringing material with enough detail for the service provider to locate it, contact information, and statements of good faith belief and under penalty of perjury.",
      "body": "A valid DMCA takedown notice must include a physical or electronic signature, identification of the copyrighted work, identification of the infringing material with enough detail for the service provider to locate it, contact information, and statements of good faith belief and under penalty of perjury.\n\nWhat United States Code / GovInfo actually says:\n\n“To be effective under this subsection, a notification of claimed infringement must be a written communication provided to the designated agent of a service provider that includes substantially the following: (A) A physical or electronic signature... (B) Identification of the copyrighted work... (C) Identification of the material that is claimed to be infringing... (D) Information reasonably sufficient to permit the service provider to contact the complaining party... (E) A statement that the complaining party has a good faith belief that use of the material... (F) A statement that the information in the notification is accurate, and under penalty of perjury...”\n\nNote: Statutory requirements for safe harbor takedown notices.",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2020-title17/pdf/USCODE-2020-title17-chap5-sec512.pdf",
      "last_verified": "2026-09-02",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "United States Code / GovInfo",
      "evidence_quote": "To be effective under this subsection, a notification of claimed infringement must be a written communication provided to the designated agent of a service provider that includes substantially the following: (A) A physical or electronic signature... (B) Identification of the copyrighted work... (C) Identification of the material that is claimed to be infringing... (D) Information reasonably sufficient to permit the service provider to contact the complaining party... (E) A statement that the complaining party has a good faith belief that use of the material... (F) A statement that the information in the notification is accurate, and under penalty of perjury...",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "20-dmca-takedowns",
      "subject": "17 U.S.C. § 512(c)(3)",
      "topic": "elements of a valid DMCA takedown notice",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "Applies to online service providers subject to US copyright law",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      },
      "verification": {
        "status": "unverified",
        "label": "Unverified - being checked",
        "reasons": [
          "legal_fetch_over_cap"
        ],
        "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r20_dmca_takedowns_dmca_statute_misrepresentation",
      "category": "Safety",
      "title": "[Unverified - being checked] 17 U.S.C. § 512(f): penalty for misrepresentation in DMCA notices or counter-notices",
      "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] Any person who knowingly materially misrepresents under Section 512 that material is infringing or was removed by mistake shall be liable for damages, including costs and attorneys' fees.",
      "body": "Any person who knowingly materially misrepresents under Section 512 that material is infringing or was removed by mistake shall be liable for damages, including costs and attorneys' fees.\n\nWhat United States Code / GovInfo actually says:\n\n“Any person who knowingly materially misrepresents under this section— (1) that material or activity is infringing, or (2) that material or activity was removed or disabled by mistake or misidentification, shall be liable for any damages, including costs and attorneys’ fees, incurred by the alleged infringer...”\n\nNote: Statutory deterrent against fraudulent takedowns.",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2020-title17/pdf/USCODE-2020-title17-chap5-sec512.pdf",
      "last_verified": "2026-09-02",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "United States Code / GovInfo",
      "evidence_quote": "Any person who knowingly materially misrepresents under this section— (1) that material or activity is infringing, or (2) that material or activity was removed or disabled by mistake or misidentification, shall be liable for any damages, including costs and attorneys’ fees, incurred by the alleged infringer...",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "20-dmca-takedowns",
      "subject": "17 U.S.C. § 512(f)",
      "topic": "penalty for misrepresentation in DMCA notices or counter-notices",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "Civil liability for bad faith takedown notices",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      },
      "verification": {
        "status": "unverified",
        "label": "Unverified - being checked",
        "reasons": [
          "legal_fetch_over_cap"
        ],
        "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r20_dmca_takedowns_google_search_ncii",
      "category": "Safety",
      "title": "[Unverified - being checked] Removal of non-consensual intimate imagery (NCII) and personal sexual content from search results",
      "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] Google permits individuals to request the removal of non-consensual intimate imagery, real or fake (deepfakes) sexual content, and association of their name with sex work from Google Search results.",
      "body": "Google permits individuals to request the removal of non-consensual intimate imagery, real or fake (deepfakes) sexual content, and association of their name with sex work from Google Search results.\n\nWhat Google Search Help actually says:\n\n“If you find sexual content associated with you on Google and you want it removed, we’re here to help. Whether the content is fake or real, you can request that sexual videos and images involving you are removed from search results.”\n\nNote: Distinct from copyright DMCA takedown requests.",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://support.google.com/websearch/answer/16305143?hl=en",
      "last_verified": "2026-09-02",
      "reliability": "VERIFIED RULE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Google Search Help",
      "evidence_quote": "If you find sexual content associated with you on Google and you want it removed, we’re here to help. Whether the content is fake or real, you can request that sexual videos and images involving you are removed from search results.",
      "volatility": "medium",
      "from_batch": "20-dmca-takedowns",
      "subject": "Google Search Help",
      "topic": "removal of non-consensual intimate imagery (NCII) and personal sexual content from search results",
      "applies_to_country": "*",
      "applies_to_scope": "Global search engine policy",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "any"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      },
      "verification": {
        "status": "unverified",
        "label": "Unverified - being checked",
        "reasons": [
          "legal_fetch_over_cap"
        ],
        "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r20_dmca_takedowns_dmca_512_notice_elements",
      "category": "Safety",
      "title": "[Unverified - being checked] What a DMCA takedown notice must contain",
      "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] A DMCA takedown notice must contain substantially six elements: the signature of the owner or an authorized agent; identification of the copyrighted work; identification of the infringing material with information reasonably sufficient to locate it; contact information; a good faith belief statement; and an accuracy/perjury statement.",
      "body": "A DMCA takedown notice must contain substantially six elements: the signature of the owner or an authorized agent; identification of the copyrighted work; identification of the infringing material with information reasonably sufficient to locate it; contact information; a good faith belief statement; and an accuracy/perjury statement.\n\nWhat U.S. Copyright Office actually says:\n\n“To be effective, a notice must contain substantially the following information: (i) the signature of the copyright owner or an authorized agent; (ii) identification of the copyrighted work claimed to have been infringed, or, if multiple works are on a single site, a representative list of such works; (iii) identification of the infringing material or activity (or the reference or link to such material) and information reasonably sufficient to permit the OSP to locate the material (or the reference or link); (iv) contact information for the copyright owner or authorized agent; (v) a statement that the person sending the notice has a good faith belief that use of the material in the manner complained of is not authorized by the copyright owner, its agent, or the law; and (vi) a statement that the information in the notice is accurate, and under penalty of perjury, that the person sending the notice is authorized to act on behalf of the copyright owner .”",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://www.copyright.gov/512",
      "last_verified": "2026-09-05",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "U.S. Copyright Office",
      "evidence_quote": "To be effective, a notice must contain substantially the following information: (i) the signature of the copyright owner or an authorized agent; (ii) identification of the copyrighted work claimed to have been infringed, or, if multiple works are on a single site, a representative list of such works; (iii) identification of the infringing material or activity (or the reference or link to such material) and information reasonably sufficient to permit the OSP to locate the material (or the reference or link); (iv) contact information for the copyright owner or authorized agent; (v) a statement that the person sending the notice has a good faith belief that use of the material in the manner complained of is not authorized by the copyright owner, its agent, or the law; and (vi) a statement that the information in the notice is accurate, and under penalty of perjury, that the person sending the notice is authorized to act on behalf of the copyright owner .",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "20-dmca-takedowns",
      "subject": "17 U.S.C. 512 notice-and-takedown",
      "topic": "What a DMCA takedown notice must contain",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "substantial compliance standard per 17 U.S.C. 512(c)(3)",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      },
      "verification": {
        "status": "unverified",
        "label": "Unverified - being checked",
        "reasons": [
          "thin_body",
          "source_unverifiable:fetch_failed:budget"
        ],
        "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r20_dmca_takedowns_dmca_512_registration_not_required",
      "category": "Safety",
      "title": "[Unverified - being checked] 17 U.S.C. 512 DMCA takedowns: Whether copyright registration is required to send a takedown notice",
      "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] A copyright registration is not required before sending a DMCA takedown notice, though registration is required before suing in court for infringement of U.S. works.",
      "body": "A copyright registration is not required before sending a DMCA takedown notice, though registration is required before suing in court for infringement of U.S. works.\n\nWhat U.S. Copyright Office actually says:\n\n“No. A copyright registration is not required before sending a takedown notice. However, for U.S. works, a copyright registration is required before suing in court for copyright infringement.”",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://www.copyright.gov/512",
      "last_verified": "2026-09-05",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "U.S. Copyright Office",
      "evidence_quote": "No. A copyright registration is not required before sending a takedown notice. However, for U.S. works, a copyright registration is required before suing in court for copyright infringement.",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "20-dmca-takedowns",
      "subject": "17 U.S.C. 512 DMCA takedowns",
      "topic": "Whether copyright registration is required to send a takedown notice",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      },
      "verification": {
        "status": "unverified",
        "label": "Unverified - being checked",
        "reasons": [
          "thin_body",
          "source_unverifiable:fetch_failed:budget"
        ],
        "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r20_dmca_takedowns_ceartas_pricing_plans",
      "category": "Safety",
      "title": "[Unverified - being checked] Ceartas (DMCA/content protection service): Published monthly pricing plans",
      "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] Ceartas publishes four monthly plans priced per creator per month after the first month: Star $69, Elite $169, VIP $349, and Platinum $1.2K, each offered at 50% off for the first month.",
      "body": "Ceartas publishes four monthly plans priced per creator per month after the first month: Star $69, Elite $169, VIP $349, and Platinum $1.2K, each offered at 50% off for the first month.\n\nWhat Ceartas actually says:\n\n“#### Star For Rising Stars Automated detection and Google search removals for creators starting out. ### $34.50 [$69](./) per creator/month, First month only, Then $69/month ... #### Elite Most Popular For Established Creators ... ### $84.50 [$169](./) per creator/month, First month only, Then $169/month ... #### VIP For Top Creators ... ### $174.50 [$349](./) per creator/month, First month only, Then $349/month ... #### Platinum For Celebs & A-List Talent ... ### $600 [$1.2K](./) per creator/month, First month only, Then $1.2K/month”\n\nNote: Published metadata of the page is Aug 26, 2026. Prices are promotional/first-month figures.",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://www.ceartas.io/",
      "last_verified": "2026-09-05",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Ceartas",
      "evidence_quote": "#### Star For Rising Stars Automated detection and Google search removals for creators starting out. ### $34.50 [$69](./) per creator/month, First month only, Then $69/month ... #### Elite Most Popular For Established Creators ... ### $84.50 [$169](./) per creator/month, First month only, Then $169/month ... #### VIP For Top Creators ... ### $174.50 [$349](./) per creator/month, First month only, Then $349/month ... #### Platinum For Celebs & A-List Talent ... ### $600 [$1.2K](./) per creator/month, First month only, Then $1.2K/month",
      "volatility": "high",
      "from_batch": "20-dmca-takedowns",
      "subject": "Ceartas (DMCA/content protection service)",
      "topic": "Published monthly pricing plans",
      "applies_to_country": "*",
      "applies_to_scope": "Prices quoted on official site in USD",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "any"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      },
      "verification": {
        "status": "unverified",
        "label": "Unverified - being checked",
        "reasons": [
          "legal_fetch_over_cap"
        ],
        "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r20_dmca_takedowns_rulta_pricing_plans",
      "category": "Safety",
      "title": "[Unverified - being checked] Rulta (DMCA takedown service): Published monthly pricing plans",
      "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] Rulta's pricing page lists three monthly plans: Pro at $109.00/mo covering 1 username, Premier at $144.00/mo covering 2 usernames, and Legend at $324.00/mo covering 4 usernames.",
      "body": "Rulta's pricing page lists three monthly plans: Pro at $109.00/mo covering 1 username, Premier at $144.00/mo covering 2 usernames, and Legend at $324.00/mo covering 4 usernames.\n\nWhat Rulta actually says:\n\n“## Pro person 1 Username For all creators $109.00/mo Core Features checkAuto Detect & Removals? checkLive Support? checkWhitelisting? checkLimited Submissions? ... ## Premier person 2 Usernames For established creators $144.00/mo ... ## Legend person 4 Usernames For top creators $324.00/mo”\n\nNote: The archived capture is dated 2026-06-09. Rulta's own help-desk article (help.rulta.com, which returned 403 when fetched directly) lists different figures (Pro $139, Premier $184, Legend $324, updated 2026-04-08), indicating frequent price changes; the record quotes the pricing page capture actually opened.",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260609025355/https://www.rulta.com/pricing/",
      "last_verified": "2026-09-05",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Rulta",
      "evidence_quote": "## Pro person 1 Username For all creators $109.00/mo Core Features checkAuto Detect & Removals? checkLive Support? checkWhitelisting? checkLimited Submissions? ... ## Premier person 2 Usernames For established creators $144.00/mo ... ## Legend person 4 Usernames For top creators $324.00/mo",
      "volatility": "high",
      "from_batch": "20-dmca-takedowns",
      "subject": "Rulta (DMCA takedown service)",
      "topic": "Published monthly pricing plans",
      "applies_to_country": "*",
      "applies_to_scope": "Pricing as captured by the Wayback Machine of Rulta's official pricing page",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "any"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      },
      "verification": {
        "status": "unverified",
        "label": "Unverified - being checked",
        "reasons": [
          "legal_fetch_over_cap"
        ],
        "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r20_dmca_takedowns_dmca_com_takedown_pricing",
      "category": "Safety",
      "title": "[Unverified - being checked] Published prices for DMCA takedown services",
      "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] DMCA.com full-service (professionally managed) takedown pricing starts at $199, with Standard tiers at $199/$179/$165, Premium at $399/$359/$330, and Platinum at $599/$539/$497 for 1-9, 10-25, and 26-50 notices; the DIY takedown toolkit costs $10/month or $100/year.",
      "body": "DMCA.com full-service (professionally managed) takedown pricing starts at $199, with Standard tiers at $199/$179/$165, Premium at $399/$359/$330, and Platinum at $599/$539/$497 for 1-9, 10-25, and 26-50 notices; the DIY takedown toolkit costs $10/month or $100/year.\n\nWhat DMCA.com actually says:\n\n“### Takedowns Get your stolen content removed from the internet! **$199 for Full Service** ... Notice Count 1-9 10-25 26-50 DIY Unlimited $10/month Standard $199 $179 $165 Premium $399 $359 $330 Platinum $599 $539 $497 Enterprise price provided based on requirements ... DIY Takedown Unlimited $10/month or $100/year”\n\nNote: Site footer states copyright 2000-2026; pricing table reproduced as displayed on the official pricing page.",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://www.dmca.com/Pricing.aspx",
      "last_verified": "2026-09-05",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "DMCA.com",
      "evidence_quote": "### Takedowns Get your stolen content removed from the internet! **$199 for Full Service** ... Notice Count 1-9 10-25 26-50 DIY Unlimited $10/month Standard $199 $179 $165 Premium $399 $359 $330 Platinum $599 $539 $497 Enterprise price provided based on requirements ... DIY Takedown Unlimited $10/month or $100/year",
      "volatility": "medium",
      "from_batch": "20-dmca-takedowns",
      "subject": "DMCA.com (takedown service)",
      "topic": "Published prices for DMCA takedown services",
      "applies_to_country": "*",
      "applies_to_scope": "DMCA.com is based in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "any"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      },
      "verification": {
        "status": "unverified",
        "label": "Unverified - being checked",
        "reasons": [
          "legal_fetch_over_cap"
        ],
        "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r20_dmca_takedowns_telegram_dmca_report_path",
      "category": "Safety",
      "title": "[Unverified - being checked] How copyright owners report infringement to Telegram",
      "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] According to Telegram's official FAQ, copyright claims are handled only for publicly available content (bots, channels, sticker sets, public groups); complaints must be sent to dmca@telegram.org and only by the copyright owner or an agent authorized to act on the owner's behalf, and Telegram does not process requests related to private groups and chats.",
      "body": "According to Telegram's official FAQ, copyright claims are handled only for publicly available content (bots, channels, sticker sets, public groups); complaints must be sent to dmca@telegram.org and only by the copyright owner or an agent authorized to act on the owner's behalf, and Telegram does not process requests related to private groups and chats.\n\nWhat Telegram actually says:\n\n“Private groups and chats on Telegram are private amongst their participants. We do not process any requests related to them. However, Telegram also supports sticker sets, bots, channels and groups that are publicly available. ... If you see a bot, channel, sticker set, or other content that is a part of Telegram's public platform and is infringing on your copyright, kindly submit a complaint to dmca@telegram.org. Please note that such requests should only be submitted by the copyright owner or an agent authorized to act on the owner's behalf.”\n\nNote: The FAQ also lists an automated takedown email address abuse@telegram.org for flagging illegal content generally.",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://telegram.org/faq",
      "last_verified": "2026-09-05",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Telegram",
      "evidence_quote": "Private groups and chats on Telegram are private amongst their participants. We do not process any requests related to them. However, Telegram also supports sticker sets, bots, channels and groups that are publicly available. ... If you see a bot, channel, sticker set, or other content that is a part of Telegram's public platform and is infringing on your copyright, kindly submit a complaint to dmca@telegram.org. Please note that such requests should only be submitted by the copyright owner or an agent authorized to act on the owner's behalf.",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "20-dmca-takedowns",
      "subject": "Telegram (messaging platform) - DMCA/copyright takedown",
      "topic": "How copyright owners report infringement to Telegram",
      "applies_to_country": "*",
      "applies_to_scope": "The FAQ page does not describe a US-style DMCA notice form (17 U.S.C. 512) for Telegram",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "any"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      },
      "verification": {
        "status": "unverified",
        "label": "Unverified - being checked",
        "reasons": [
          "legal_fetch_over_cap"
        ],
        "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r20_dmca_takedowns_x_copyright_policy_photographer_rights_and_process",
      "category": "Safety",
      "title": "[Unverified - being checked] Who holds rights in a photograph, and how X processes DMCA notices",
      "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] X's copyright policy states that in general the photographer and not the subject of a photograph is the actual rights holder; X responds to DMCA complaints submitted under 17 U.S.C. 512, requires six notice elements, forwards a full copy of the notice (including the reporter's name, address, phone, and email) to the poster, may restore material after 10 business days unless the original reporter seeks a court order, and may suspend accounts under its Repeat Infringer Policy.",
      "body": "X's copyright policy states that in general the photographer and not the subject of a photograph is the actual rights holder; X responds to DMCA complaints submitted under 17 U.S.C. 512, requires six notice elements, forwards a full copy of the notice (including the reporter's name, address, phone, and email) to the poster, may restore material after 10 business days unless the original reporter seeks a court order, and may suspend accounts under its Repeat Infringer Policy.\n\nWhat X Corp. actually says:\n\n“Note: In general, the photographer and NOT the subject of a photograph is the actual rights holder of the resulting photograph. ... Filing a DMCA complaint is the start of a pre-defined legal process. Your complaint will be reviewed for accuracy, validity, and completeness. If your complaint has satisfied these requirements, we will take action on your request - which includes forwarding a full copy of your notice (including your name, address, phone and email address) to the user(s) who posted the allegedly infringing material in question. ... If we do not receive notice within 10 business days that the original reporter is seeking a court order to prevent further infringement of the material at issue, we may replace or cease disabling access to the material that was removed. ... If multiple copyright complaints are received about an account, or other evidence suggests a pattern of repeat infringement, X may suspend that account in accordance with our Repeat Infringer Policy.”\n\nNote: The policy sets out the six notice elements mirroring 17 U.S.C. 512(c)(3) and the counter-notice jurisdictional consent statements.",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://help.x.com/en/rules-and-policies/copyright-policy",
      "last_verified": "2026-09-05",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "X Corp.",
      "evidence_quote": "Note: In general, the photographer and NOT the subject of a photograph is the actual rights holder of the resulting photograph. ... Filing a DMCA complaint is the start of a pre-defined legal process. Your complaint will be reviewed for accuracy, validity, and completeness. If your complaint has satisfied these requirements, we will take action on your request - which includes forwarding a full copy of your notice (including your name, address, phone and email address) to the user(s) who posted the allegedly infringing material in question. ... If we do not receive notice within 10 business days that the original reporter is seeking a court order to prevent further infringement of the material at issue, we may replace or cease disabling access to the material that was removed. ... If multiple copyright complaints are received about an account, or other evidence suggests a pattern of repeat infringement, X may suspend that account in accordance with our Repeat Infringer Policy.",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "20-dmca-takedowns",
      "subject": "X (Twitter) copyright policy / DMCA takedowns",
      "topic": "Who holds rights in a photograph, and how X processes DMCA notices",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "Policy is X's help article, not a statute",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      },
      "verification": {
        "status": "unverified",
        "label": "Unverified - being checked",
        "reasons": [
          "legal_fetch_over_cap"
        ],
        "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r20_dmca_takedowns_bing_contentremoval_form",
      "category": "Safety",
      "title": "[Unverified - being checked] Official form for reporting copyright infringement to Bing",
      "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] Bing's official content removal form accepts copyright infringement reports only from a copyright owner or the owner's authorized agent pursuant to the U.S. DMCA, and only for algorithmic (non-paid) links in Bing, Bing-provided results via Yahoo, and Bing's image and video search indexes; the form requires good faith belief, authority-to-act, and 17 U.S.C. 512(f) acknowledgement statements and notes that the photographer is generally the copyright owner of a photograph.",
      "body": "Bing's official content removal form accepts copyright infringement reports only from a copyright owner or the owner's authorized agent pursuant to the U.S. DMCA, and only for algorithmic (non-paid) links in Bing, Bing-provided results via Yahoo, and Bing's image and video search indexes; the form requires good faith belief, authority-to-act, and 17 U.S.C. 512(f) acknowledgement statements and notes that the photographer is generally the copyright owner of a photograph.\n\nWhat Microsoft (Bing) actually says:\n\n“This form is solely for reporting copyright infringement in algorithmic (non-paid) links appearing in Bing, or provided by Bing via Yahoo, and Bing's image search index (e.g., https://bing.com/images) or video search index (e.g., https://bing.com/videos). NOTE: Bing accepts submissions only from a copyright owner or a copyright owner's authorized agent pursuant to the U.S. Digital Millennium Copyright Act. ... Please note that the photographer, and not the subject of the photo, is generally the copyright owner of the photograph unless the rights to the work have been transferred. ... I represent that the information in the notification is accurate and, under penalty of perjury, that I am authorized to act on behalf of the owner of an exclusive right that is allegedly infringed. ... As applicable under 17 U.S.C. 512(f), I acknowledge that I may be subject to liability for damages if I knowingly materially misrepresent that material or activity is infringing.”\n\nNote: The form also states that the submitted information 'may be shared with third parties or the public, including the alleged infringer.'",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://www.bing.com/webmaster/contentremovalform/showcontentremovalform",
      "last_verified": "2026-09-05",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Microsoft (Bing)",
      "evidence_quote": "This form is solely for reporting copyright infringement in algorithmic (non-paid) links appearing in Bing, or provided by Bing via Yahoo, and Bing's image search index (e.g., https://bing.com/images) or video search index (e.g., https://bing.com/videos). NOTE: Bing accepts submissions only from a copyright owner or a copyright owner's authorized agent pursuant to the U.S. Digital Millennium Copyright Act. ... Please note that the photographer, and not the subject of the photo, is generally the copyright owner of the photograph unless the rights to the work have been transferred. ... I represent that the information in the notification is accurate and, under penalty of perjury, that I am authorized to act on behalf of the owner of an exclusive right that is allegedly infringed. ... As applicable under 17 U.S.C. 512(f), I acknowledge that I may be subject to liability for damages if I knowingly materially misrepresent that material or activity is infringing.",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "20-dmca-takedowns",
      "subject": "Bing (Microsoft) copyright removal form",
      "topic": "Official form for reporting copyright infringement to Bing",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "Form footer: (c) 2026 Bing Content Moderation Platform",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      },
      "verification": {
        "status": "unverified",
        "label": "Unverified - being checked",
        "reasons": [
          "legal_fetch_over_cap"
        ],
        "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r20_dmca_takedowns_branditscan_pricing_plans",
      "category": "Safety",
      "title": "[Unverified - being checked] BranditScan (DMCA/content protection service): Published monthly and annual pricing plans",
      "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] BranditScan's official pricing page (last updated March 10, 2026) lists two plans: Premium at $69/month with 50% OFF the first month ($34.50) and $690/year, and White Glove at $149/month ($124.17/month billed annually, or $1,490/year); Premium includes 3 stage names at no extra cost (add-on $5/month for more) and White Glove includes unlimited stage names; both are month-to-month with no long-term contracts and include a 7-day free trial.",
      "body": "BranditScan's official pricing page (last updated March 10, 2026) lists two plans: Premium at $69/month with 50% OFF the first month ($34.50) and $690/year, and White Glove at $149/month ($124.17/month billed annually, or $1,490/year); Premium includes 3 stage names at no extra cost (add-on $5/month for more) and White Glove includes unlimited stage names; both are month-to-month with no long-term contracts and include a 7-day free trial.\n\nWhat BranditScan actually says:\n\n“The most transparent dmca takedown service pricing in the industry. Get 50% OFF your first month - no contracts, no hidden fees. ... ## Premium 50% OFF first month $34.50 $69 /mo $57.50/month - you save 2 months Then $69/mo - Cancel anytime ... 3 Stagenames ... ELITE ## White Glove Must have for elite creators $149 /month $124.17/month - you save 2 months ... Unlimited Stagenames ... Annual billing saves you the equivalent of 2 months. Premium annual is $690/year (vs $828 monthly) and White Glove annual is $1,490/year (vs $1,788 monthly). ... No. Premium includes 3 stage names at no extra cost. White Glove includes unlimited stage names. If you need more than 3 on Premium, a stage name add-on is available for $5/month. ... Full access to every Premium feature: AI-powered hourly scanning, automated DMCA takedowns, Google delisting, social media removals, facial recognition, and your real-time dashboard. No credit card required to start.”\n\nNote: Page footer metadata states last updated March 10, 2026; page also links out to Google Transparency Report data for its claimed 400M+ delistings.",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://branditscan.com/pricing",
      "last_verified": "2026-09-05",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "BranditScan",
      "evidence_quote": "The most transparent dmca takedown service pricing in the industry. Get 50% OFF your first month - no contracts, no hidden fees. ... ## Premium 50% OFF first month $34.50 $69 /mo $57.50/month - you save 2 months Then $69/mo - Cancel anytime ... 3 Stagenames ... ELITE ## White Glove Must have for elite creators $149 /month $124.17/month - you save 2 months ... Unlimited Stagenames ... Annual billing saves you the equivalent of 2 months. Premium annual is $690/year (vs $828 monthly) and White Glove annual is $1,490/year (vs $1,788 monthly). ... No. Premium includes 3 stage names at no extra cost. White Glove includes unlimited stage names. If you need more than 3 on Premium, a stage name add-on is available for $5/month. ... Full access to every Premium feature: AI-powered hourly scanning, automated DMCA takedowns, Google delisting, social media removals, facial recognition, and your real-time dashboard. No credit card required to start.",
      "volatility": "high",
      "from_batch": "20-dmca-takedowns",
      "subject": "BranditScan (DMCA/content protection service)",
      "topic": "Published monthly and annual pricing plans",
      "applies_to_country": "*",
      "applies_to_scope": "Prices quoted on official site in USD",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "any"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      },
      "verification": {
        "status": "unverified",
        "label": "Unverified - being checked",
        "reasons": [
          "legal_fetch_over_cap"
        ],
        "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r20_dmca_takedowns_reddit_copyright_takedown_process",
      "category": "Safety",
      "title": "[Unverified - being checked] How Reddit handles copyright takedown notices",
      "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] Reddit's official copyright overview (archived capture dated 2026-08-28; article updated August 15, 2025) says copyright owners or their authorized representatives report violations through a Reddit Help form with all required takedown notice information; on a valid notice Reddit removes the content, notifies the user who posted it, and confirms removal to the reporter; accounts that repeatedly violate are banned (and subreddits may be banned); a poster may submit an appeal within six months of the removal message; concerns about fraudulent notices can be emailed to intellectualpropertyquestions@reddit.com.",
      "body": "Reddit's official copyright overview (archived capture dated 2026-08-28; article updated August 15, 2025) says copyright owners or their authorized representatives report violations through a Reddit Help form with all required takedown notice information; on a valid notice Reddit removes the content, notifies the user who posted it, and confirms removal to the reporter; accounts that repeatedly violate are banned (and subreddits may be banned); a poster may submit an appeal within six months of the removal message; concerns about fraudulent notices can be emailed to intellectualpropertyquestions@reddit.com.\n\nWhat Reddit, Inc. actually says:\n\n“If you are a copyright owner or their authorized representative, please use this form to report potential Copyright Policy violations. Make sure to include all of the required information in your takedown notice to avoid delayed processing. ... When we receive a valid copyright takedown notice, we will: Remove the violative content identified in the notice; Notify the user who posted the content that we received a copyright takedown notice regarding the content and that we removed it; Confirm with the reporter that we removed the content. ... In appropriate circumstances, Reddit bans user accounts that repeatedly violate Reddit's Copyright Policy. We may also ban subreddits after multiple removals of violative content or where it is clear that the subreddit is dedicated to sharing violative content. ... you may submit an appeal within six months of receiving the content removal message.”\n\nNote: Opened via the Wayback Machine because the live Reddit Help site returns 403 to scripted fetches; capture timestamp 2026-08-28, article last updated August 15, 2025.",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260828090803/https://support.reddithelp.com/hc/en-us/articles/360043076292-Copyright-overview",
      "last_verified": "2026-09-05",
      "reliability": "VERIFIED RULE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Reddit, Inc.",
      "evidence_quote": "If you are a copyright owner or their authorized representative, please use this form to report potential Copyright Policy violations. Make sure to include all of the required information in your takedown notice to avoid delayed processing. ... When we receive a valid copyright takedown notice, we will: Remove the violative content identified in the notice; Notify the user who posted the content that we received a copyright takedown notice regarding the content and that we removed it; Confirm with the reporter that we removed the content. ... In appropriate circumstances, Reddit bans user accounts that repeatedly violate Reddit's Copyright Policy. We may also ban subreddits after multiple removals of violative content or where it is clear that the subreddit is dedicated to sharing violative content. ... you may submit an appeal within six months of receiving the content removal message.",
      "volatility": "medium",
      "from_batch": "20-dmca-takedowns",
      "subject": "Reddit copyright policy and DMCA takedown process",
      "topic": "How Reddit handles copyright takedown notices",
      "applies_to_country": "*",
      "applies_to_scope": "Reddit also provides an EU Digital Services Act reporting path",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "any"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      },
      "verification": {
        "status": "unverified",
        "label": "Unverified - being checked",
        "reasons": [
          "legal_fetch_over_cap"
        ],
        "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r20_dmca_takedowns_google_transparencyreport_search_removals",
      "category": "Safety",
      "title": "[Unverified - being checked] Google's copyright removal/DMCA process and statistics",
      "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] Google's Transparency Report FAQ says copyright owners and reporting organizations submit requests through a web form asking that material or links allegedly infringing copyright be removed; Google's policy is to respond to clear and specific notices, the notice form it specifies is consistent with the DMCA, the average processing time for Search removal requests submitted via its web form is approximately 6 hours, it accepts and processes DMCA notices for URLs not in its index, and website owners can submit a counter-notification form with Google possibly reinstating links pursuant to sections 512(g)(2) and (3) of the DMCA.",
      "body": "Google's Transparency Report FAQ says copyright owners and reporting organizations submit requests through a web form asking that material or links allegedly infringing copyright be removed; Google's policy is to respond to clear and specific notices, the notice form it specifies is consistent with the DMCA, the average processing time for Search removal requests submitted via its web form is approximately 6 hours, it accepts and processes DMCA notices for URLs not in its index, and website owners can submit a counter-notification form with Google possibly reinstating links pursuant to sections 512(g)(2) and (3) of the DMCA.\n\nWhat Google actually says:\n\n“The DMCA or Digital Millennium Copyright Act is a U.S. law that provides qualifying online service providers like Google with a safe harbor from monetary liability for copyright infringement claims. One of the requirements of these safe harbor provisions is that the service provider remove or disable access to allegedly infringing material upon receiving a request that meets certain requirements. In responding to copyright removal requests, Google complies with the requirements of the DMCA. ... We remove search results that link to infringing content in Search when it is brought to our attention, and we do it quickly. Our average processing time across all removal requests submitted via our web form for Search is approximately 6 hours. ... If website owners feel that a link to their site was mistakenly removed due to a request filed against them, website owners can submit a counter-notification form and Google may reinstate the link pursuant to sections 512(g)(2) and (3) of the DMCA. ... As a matter of policy, Google accepts and processes DMCA notices for any URL, even those that are not in our Search index.”\n\nNote: Page footer shows (c)2026 Google. The FAQ also states the data set 'includes more than 95% of the volume of copyright removal requests that we have received for Search since July 2011.'",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://support.google.com/transparencyreport/answer/7347743?hl=en",
      "last_verified": "2026-09-05",
      "reliability": "VERIFIED RULE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Google",
      "evidence_quote": "The DMCA or Digital Millennium Copyright Act is a U.S. law that provides qualifying online service providers like Google with a safe harbor from monetary liability for copyright infringement claims. One of the requirements of these safe harbor provisions is that the service provider remove or disable access to allegedly infringing material upon receiving a request that meets certain requirements. In responding to copyright removal requests, Google complies with the requirements of the DMCA. ... We remove search results that link to infringing content in Search when it is brought to our attention, and we do it quickly. Our average processing time across all removal requests submitted via our web form for Search is approximately 6 hours. ... If website owners feel that a link to their site was mistakenly removed due to a request filed against them, website owners can submit a counter-notification form and Google may reinstate the link pursuant to sections 512(g)(2) and (3) of the DMCA. ... As a matter of policy, Google accepts and processes DMCA notices for any URL, even those that are not in our Search index.",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "20-dmca-takedowns",
      "subject": "Google Search copyright removal requests",
      "topic": "Google's copyright removal/DMCA process and statistics",
      "applies_to_country": "*",
      "applies_to_scope": "Web form is used by copyright owners around the world; the DMCA is a U.S. law",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "any"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      },
      "verification": {
        "status": "unverified",
        "label": "Unverified - being checked",
        "reasons": [
          "legal_fetch_over_cap"
        ],
        "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r20_dmca_takedowns_ca_civil_code_3344_right_of_publicity",
      "category": "Safety",
      "title": "[Unverified - being checked] Right of publicity (California statutory law): Liability for unauthorized commercial use of name/voice/signature/photograph/likeness",
      "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] California Civil Code section 3344 makes any person who knowingly uses another's name, voice, signature, photograph, or likeness, without that person's prior consent, on or in products, merchandise, or goods or for purposes of advertising, selling, or soliciting purchases of products, merchandise, goods, or services, liable for the greater of $750 or the actual damages suffered, plus attributable profits and possible punitive damages and attorney's fees; a court order under CCP 527(c) can require the respondent to remove, recall, or cease publication or distribution within two business days of service.",
      "body": "California Civil Code section 3344 makes any person who knowingly uses another's name, voice, signature, photograph, or likeness, without that person's prior consent, on or in products, merchandise, or goods or for purposes of advertising, selling, or soliciting purchases of products, merchandise, goods, or services, liable for the greater of $750 or the actual damages suffered, plus attributable profits and possible punitive damages and attorney's fees; a court order under CCP 527(c) can require the respondent to remove, recall, or cease publication or distribution within two business days of service.\n\nWhat California Legislative Information (leginfo.legislature.ca.gov) actually says:\n\n“Any person who knowingly uses another's name, voice, signature, photograph, or likeness, in any manner, on or in products, merchandise, or goods, or for purposes of advertising or selling, or soliciting purchases of, products, merchandise, goods, or services, without that person's prior consent, or, in the case of a minor, the prior consent of their parent or legal guardian, shall be liable for any damages sustained by the person or persons injured as a result thereof. In addition, in any action brought under this section, the person who violated the section shall be liable to the injured party or parties in an amount equal to the greater of seven hundred fifty dollars ($750) or the actual damages suffered by them as a result of the unauthorized use, and any profits from the unauthorized use that are attributable to the use and are not taken into account in computing the actual damages. ... Punitive damages may also be awarded to the injured party or parties. The prevailing party in any action under this section shall also be entitled to attorney's fees and costs. ... If the court grants the applicant an order under subdivision (c) of Section 527 of the Code of Civil Procedure that requires the respondent to remove, recall, or otherwise cease the publication or distribution of the petitioner's name, voice, signature, photograph, or likeness, the respondent shall complete the removal or recall, or cease the publication or distribution, within two business days from the day the order is served, unless otherwise required by the order.”\n\nNote: The text shown was amended by Stats. 2025, Ch. 590, Sec. 1 (SB 683), effective January 1, 2026.",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=CIV&sectionNum=3344",
      "last_verified": "2026-09-05",
      "reliability": "VERIFIED RULE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "California Legislative Information (leginfo.legislature.ca.gov)",
      "evidence_quote": "Any person who knowingly uses another's name, voice, signature, photograph, or likeness, in any manner, on or in products, merchandise, or goods, or for purposes of advertising or selling, or soliciting purchases of, products, merchandise, goods, or services, without that person's prior consent, or, in the case of a minor, the prior consent of their parent or legal guardian, shall be liable for any damages sustained by the person or persons injured as a result thereof. In addition, in any action brought under this section, the person who violated the section shall be liable to the injured party or parties in an amount equal to the greater of seven hundred fifty dollars ($750) or the actual damages suffered by them as a result of the unauthorized use, and any profits from the unauthorized use that are attributable to the use and are not taken into account in computing the actual damages. ... Punitive damages may also be awarded to the injured party or parties. The prevailing party in any action under this section shall also be entitled to attorney's fees and costs. ... If the court grants the applicant an order under subdivision (c) of Section 527 of the Code of Civil Procedure that requires the respondent to remove, recall, or otherwise cease the publication or distribution of the petitioner's name, voice, signature, photograph, or likeness, the respondent shall complete the removal or recall, or cease the publication or distribution, within two business days from the day the order is served, unless otherwise required by the order.",
      "volatility": "medium",
      "from_batch": "20-dmca-takedowns",
      "subject": "Right of publicity (California statutory law)",
      "topic": "Liability for unauthorized commercial use of name/voice/signature/photograph/likeness",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "California state law; governs under California jurisdiction",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us-ca"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      },
      "verification": {
        "status": "unverified",
        "label": "Unverified - being checked",
        "reasons": [
          "legal_fetch_over_cap"
        ],
        "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z"
      }
    }
  ]
}