{
  "batch": "432-north-dakota-video-recording-and-obscenity-statutes",
  "articles": [
    {
      "id": "learn_r432_north_dakota_video_recording_and_obscenity_statutes_432_north_dakota_video_recording_and_obscenity_statutes_a",
      "category": "Safety",
      "title": "[Unverified - being checked] North Dakota Century Code: Chapter 12.1-17 index heading (anchor)",
      "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] The North Dakota Legislative Branch's official Century Code site (ndlegis.gov) publishes chapter 12.1-17 under the heading quoted.",
      "body": "The North Dakota Legislative Branch's official Century Code site (ndlegis.gov) publishes chapter 12.1-17 under the heading quoted.\n\nWhat North Dakota Legislative Branch (North Dakota Century Code) actually says:\n\n“North Dakota Century Code Chapter 12.1-17 Assaults - Threats - Coercion - Harassment”\n\nNote: Anchor record: the legislature's own statute site, ndlegis.gov (state domain).",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t12-1c17.html",
      "last_verified": "2026-10-19",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "North Dakota Legislative Branch (North Dakota Century Code)",
      "evidence_quote": "North Dakota Century Code Chapter 12.1-17 Assaults - Threats - Coercion - Harassment",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "432-north-dakota-video-recording-and-obscenity-statutes",
      "subject": "North Dakota Century Code",
      "topic": "Chapter 12.1-17 index heading (anchor)",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "ND",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "setting_up",
        "region": [
          "us-nd"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      },
      "verification": {
        "status": "unverified",
        "label": "Unverified - being checked",
        "reasons": [
          "legal_fetch_over_cap"
        ],
        "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r432_north_dakota_video_recording_and_obscenity_statutes_432_north_dakota_video_recording_and_obscenity_statutes_w",
      "category": "Safety",
      "title": "[Unverified - being checked] N.D.C.C. 12.1-15-04: Definitions: intercept, oral communication",
      "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] N.D.C.C. 12.1-15-04 defines 'intercept' as the aural acquisition of the contents of a wire or oral communication, and 'oral communication' as one uttered by a person exhibiting an expectation that it is not subject to interception; the definitions are aural, and silent video is not within them.",
      "body": "N.D.C.C. 12.1-15-04 defines 'intercept' as the aural acquisition of the contents of a wire or oral communication, and 'oral communication' as one uttered by a person exhibiting an expectation that it is not subject to interception; the definitions are aural, and silent video is not within them.\n\nWhat North Dakota Legislative Branch (North Dakota Century Code) actually says:\n\n“4. \"Intercept\" means the aural acquisition of the contents of any wire or oral communication through the use of an electronic, mechanical, or other device, or by secretly overhearing the communication. 5. \"Oral communication\" means any oral communication uttered by a person exhibiting an expectation that such communication is not subject to interception under circumstances justifying such expectation.”\n\nNote: Source is the legislature's chapter PDF (ndlegis.gov); the verifier cannot read PDFs, quote checked by hand with pdftotext.",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t12-1c15.pdf",
      "last_verified": "2026-10-19",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "North Dakota Legislative Branch (North Dakota Century Code)",
      "evidence_quote": "4. \"Intercept\" means the aural acquisition of the contents of any wire or oral communication through the use of an electronic, mechanical, or other device, or by secretly overhearing the communication. 5. \"Oral communication\" means any oral communication uttered by a person exhibiting an expectation that such communication is not subject to interception under circumstances justifying such expectation.",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "432-north-dakota-video-recording-and-obscenity-statutes",
      "subject": "N.D.C.C. 12.1-15-04",
      "topic": "Definitions: intercept, oral communication",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "ND",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "setting_up",
        "region": [
          "us-nd"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      },
      "verification": {
        "status": "unverified",
        "label": "Unverified - being checked",
        "reasons": [
          "legal_fetch_over_cap"
        ],
        "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r432_north_dakota_video_recording_and_obscenity_statutes_432_north_dakota_video_recording_and_obscenity_statutes_v",
      "category": "Safety",
      "title": "[Unverified - being checked] N.D.C.C. 12.1-20-12.2: Surreptitious intrusion - felony enhancement",
      "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] N.D.C.C. 12.1-20-12.2(2) makes surreptitious intrusion a class C felony after a previous conviction for it or for indecent exposure, after being required to register as a sex offender, or if the victim is a minor.",
      "body": "N.D.C.C. 12.1-20-12.2(2) makes surreptitious intrusion a class C felony after a previous conviction for it or for indecent exposure, after being required to register as a sex offender, or if the victim is a minor.\n\nWhat North Dakota Legislative Branch (North Dakota Century Code) actually says:\n\n“2. A person is guilty of a class C felony if the person violates subsection 1 after a previous conviction for violating subsection 1, after a previous conviction for violating section 12.1-20-12.1, after being required to register under section 12.1-32-15, or if the victim is a minor.”\n\nNote: Source is the legislature's chapter PDF (ndlegis.gov); the verifier cannot read PDFs, quote checked by hand with pdftotext.",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t12-1c20.pdf",
      "last_verified": "2026-10-19",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "North Dakota Legislative Branch (North Dakota Century Code)",
      "evidence_quote": "2. A person is guilty of a class C felony if the person violates subsection 1 after a previous conviction for violating subsection 1, after a previous conviction for violating section 12.1-20-12.1, after being required to register under section 12.1-32-15, or if the victim is a minor.",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "432-north-dakota-video-recording-and-obscenity-statutes",
      "subject": "N.D.C.C. 12.1-20-12.2",
      "topic": "Surreptitious intrusion - felony enhancement",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "ND",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "setting_up",
        "region": [
          "us-nd"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      },
      "verification": {
        "status": "unverified",
        "label": "Unverified - being checked",
        "reasons": [
          "legal_fetch_over_cap"
        ],
        "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r432_north_dakota_video_recording_and_obscenity_statutes_432_north_dakota_video_recording_and_obscenity_statutes_n",
      "category": "Safety",
      "title": "[Unverified - being checked] N.D.C.C. 12.1-17-07.2: Exemption for images in a lawful commercial setting",
      "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] N.D.C.C. 12.1-17-07.2(3)(f)-(g) does not apply to an intimate image the depicted individual voluntarily allows public exposure of, or to an intimate image portrayed in a lawful commercial setting; a creator who publishes her own consensual content is outside the offense.",
      "body": "N.D.C.C. 12.1-17-07.2(3)(f)-(g) does not apply to an intimate image the depicted individual voluntarily allows public exposure of, or to an intimate image portrayed in a lawful commercial setting; a creator who publishes her own consensual content is outside the offense.\n\nWhat North Dakota Legislative Branch (North Dakota Century Code) actually says:\n\n“This section does not apply to: a. Lawful practices of law enforcement agencies; b. Prosecutorial agency functions; c. The reporting of a criminal offense; d. Court proceedings or any other judicial proceeding; e. Lawful and generally accepted medical practices and procedures; f. An intimate image if the individual portrayed in the image voluntarily allows public exposure of the image; or g. An intimate image that is portrayed in a lawful commercial setting.”\n\nNote: Source is the legislature's chapter PDF (ndlegis.gov); the verifier cannot read PDFs, quote checked by hand with pdftotext.",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t12-1c17.pdf",
      "last_verified": "2026-10-19",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "North Dakota Legislative Branch (North Dakota Century Code)",
      "evidence_quote": "This section does not apply to: a. Lawful practices of law enforcement agencies; b. Prosecutorial agency functions; c. The reporting of a criminal offense; d. Court proceedings or any other judicial proceeding; e. Lawful and generally accepted medical practices and procedures; f. An intimate image if the individual portrayed in the image voluntarily allows public exposure of the image; or g. An intimate image that is portrayed in a lawful commercial setting.",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "432-north-dakota-video-recording-and-obscenity-statutes",
      "subject": "N.D.C.C. 12.1-17-07.2",
      "topic": "Exemption for images in a lawful commercial setting",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "ND",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "setting_up",
        "region": [
          "us-nd"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      },
      "verification": {
        "status": "unverified",
        "label": "Unverified - being checked",
        "reasons": [
          "legal_fetch_over_cap"
        ],
        "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r432_north_dakota_video_recording_and_obscenity_statutes_432_north_dakota_video_recording_and_obscenity_statutes_s",
      "category": "Safety",
      "title": "[Unverified - being checked] N.D.C.C. 29-04-03: Criminal limitation period: misdemeanors",
      "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] N.D.C.C. 29-04-03 requires a prosecution for a misdemeanor or infraction to be commenced within two years after its commission, except as otherwise provided by law.",
      "body": "N.D.C.C. 29-04-03 requires a prosecution for a misdemeanor or infraction to be commenced within two years after its commission, except as otherwise provided by law.\n\nWhat North Dakota Legislative Branch (North Dakota Century Code) actually says:\n\n“A prosecution of a misdemeanor or infraction, except as otherwise provided by law, must be commenced within two years”\n\nNote: Source is the legislature's chapter PDF (ndlegis.gov); the verifier cannot read PDFs, quote checked by hand with pdftotext.",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t29c04.pdf",
      "last_verified": "2026-10-19",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "North Dakota Legislative Branch (North Dakota Century Code)",
      "evidence_quote": "A prosecution of a misdemeanor or infraction, except as otherwise provided by law, must be commenced within two years",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "432-north-dakota-video-recording-and-obscenity-statutes",
      "subject": "N.D.C.C. 29-04-03",
      "topic": "Criminal limitation period: misdemeanors",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "ND",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "setting_up",
        "region": [
          "us-nd"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      },
      "verification": {
        "status": "unverified",
        "label": "Unverified - being checked",
        "reasons": [
          "legal_fetch_over_cap"
        ],
        "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r432_north_dakota_video_recording_and_obscenity_statutes_432_north_dakota_video_recording_and_obscenity_statutes_o",
      "category": "Safety",
      "title": "[Unverified - being checked] N.D.C.C. 12.1-27.1-01: Obscenity: 'sexual conduct' definition",
      "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] N.D.C.C. 12.1-27.1-01(11) defines sexual conduct as actual or simulated sexual intercourse, sodomy, bestiality, masturbation, sadomasochistic abuse, excretion, or lewd exhibition of the male or female genitals.",
      "body": "N.D.C.C. 12.1-27.1-01(11) defines sexual conduct as actual or simulated sexual intercourse, sodomy, bestiality, masturbation, sadomasochistic abuse, excretion, or lewd exhibition of the male or female genitals.\n\nWhat North Dakota Legislative Branch (North Dakota Century Code) actually says:\n\n“11. As used in this chapter, the term \"sexual conduct\" means actual or simulated: a. Sexual intercourse; b. Sodomy; c. Sexual bestiality; d. Masturbation; e. Sadomasochistic abuse; f. Excretion; or g. Lewd exhibition of the male or female genitals.”\n\nNote: Source is the legislature's chapter PDF (ndlegis.gov); the verifier cannot read PDFs, quote checked by hand with pdftotext.",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t12-1c27-1.pdf",
      "last_verified": "2026-10-19",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "North Dakota Legislative Branch (North Dakota Century Code)",
      "evidence_quote": "11. As used in this chapter, the term \"sexual conduct\" means actual or simulated: a. Sexual intercourse; b. Sodomy; c. Sexual bestiality; d. Masturbation; e. Sadomasochistic abuse; f. Excretion; or g. Lewd exhibition of the male or female genitals.",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "432-north-dakota-video-recording-and-obscenity-statutes",
      "subject": "N.D.C.C. 12.1-27.1-01",
      "topic": "Obscenity: 'sexual conduct' definition",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "ND",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "setting_up",
        "region": [
          "us-nd"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      },
      "verification": {
        "status": "unverified",
        "label": "Unverified - being checked",
        "reasons": [
          "legal_fetch_over_cap"
        ],
        "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r432_north_dakota_video_recording_and_obscenity_statutes_432_north_dakota_video_recording_and_obscenity_statutes_i",
      "category": "Safety",
      "title": "[Unverified - being checked] N.D.C.C. 12.1-20-12.1: Indecent exposure",
      "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] N.D.C.C. 12.1-20-12.1 makes it a class A misdemeanor, done with intent to arouse or gratify lust, to masturbate in a public place or in the presence of a minor, to expose the penis, vulva or anus in a public place or to a minor, or to expose them by unsolicited electronic means or by any electronic means to a minor.",
      "body": "N.D.C.C. 12.1-20-12.1 makes it a class A misdemeanor, done with intent to arouse or gratify lust, to masturbate in a public place or in the presence of a minor, to expose the penis, vulva or anus in a public place or to a minor, or to expose them by unsolicited electronic means or by any electronic means to a minor.\n\nWhat North Dakota Legislative Branch (North Dakota Century Code) actually says:\n\n“An individual, with intent to arouse, appeal to, or gratify that individual's lust, passions, or sexual desires, is guilty of a class A misdemeanor if that individual: a. Masturbates in a public place or in the presence of a minor; b. Exposes the individual's penis, vulva, or anus in a public place or to a minor in a public or private place; c. Exposes the individual's penis, vulva, or anus by unsolicited electronic means; or d. Exposes the individual's penis, vulva, or anus by any electronic means to a minor.”\n\nNote: Source is the legislature's chapter PDF (ndlegis.gov); the verifier cannot read PDFs, quote checked by hand with pdftotext.",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t12-1c20.pdf",
      "last_verified": "2026-10-19",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "North Dakota Legislative Branch (North Dakota Century Code)",
      "evidence_quote": "An individual, with intent to arouse, appeal to, or gratify that individual's lust, passions, or sexual desires, is guilty of a class A misdemeanor if that individual: a. Masturbates in a public place or in the presence of a minor; b. Exposes the individual's penis, vulva, or anus in a public place or to a minor in a public or private place; c. Exposes the individual's penis, vulva, or anus by unsolicited electronic means; or d. Exposes the individual's penis, vulva, or anus by any electronic means to a minor.",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "432-north-dakota-video-recording-and-obscenity-statutes",
      "subject": "N.D.C.C. 12.1-20-12.1",
      "topic": "Indecent exposure",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "ND",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "setting_up",
        "region": [
          "us-nd"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      },
      "verification": {
        "status": "unverified",
        "label": "Unverified - being checked",
        "reasons": [
          "legal_fetch_over_cap"
        ],
        "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r432_north_dakota_video_recording_and_obscenity_statutes_432_north_dakota_video_recording_and_obscenity_statutes_p",
      "category": "Safety",
      "title": "[Unverified - being checked] No statutory right of publicity in the Personal Rights chapter",
      "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] The chapter 14-02 index (Personal Rights) lists general personal rights, defamation, libel, slander, privileged communications and (in the sections after the quoted span) libel retraction, broadcast defamation, the single publication act and a discrimination policy, but no section on commercial appropriation of name or likeness; no North Dakota right-of-publicity statute was found.",
      "body": "The chapter 14-02 index (Personal Rights) lists general personal rights, defamation, libel, slander, privileged communications and (in the sections after the quoted span) libel retraction, broadcast defamation, the single publication act and a discrimination policy, but no section on commercial appropriation of name or likeness; no North Dakota right-of-publicity statute was found.\n\nWhat North Dakota Legislative Branch (North Dakota Century Code) actually says:\n\n“14-02-01 General personal rights 14-02-02 Defamation classified 14-02-03 Civil libel defined 14-02-04 Civil slander defined 14-02-05 Privileged communications 14-02-06 Offenses against personal relation 14-02-07 Force to protect”\n\nNote: ABSENCE RECORD (inferred from an index/listing or a page that does not mention it, not from operative text). Searched the full Century Code text (the legislature's official JSON, 2026-09-15 version) for 'right of publicity', 'likeness', and name-or-voice misuse, and read the 14-02 index; common-law misappropriation is not a statute and is not recorded here.",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t14c02.html",
      "last_verified": "2026-10-19",
      "reliability": "CREATOR STRATEGY",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "North Dakota Legislative Branch (North Dakota Century Code)",
      "evidence_quote": "14-02-01 General personal rights 14-02-02 Defamation classified 14-02-03 Civil libel defined 14-02-04 Civil slander defined 14-02-05 Privileged communications 14-02-06 Offenses against personal relation 14-02-07 Force to protect",
      "volatility": "medium",
      "from_batch": "432-north-dakota-video-recording-and-obscenity-statutes",
      "subject": "N.D.C.C. chapter 14-02",
      "topic": "No statutory right of publicity in the Personal Rights chapter",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "ND",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "setting_up",
        "region": [
          "us-nd"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      },
      "verification": {
        "status": "unverified",
        "label": "Unverified - being checked",
        "reasons": [
          "legal_fetch_over_cap"
        ],
        "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z"
      }
    }
  ]
}