{ "batch": "433-north-dakota-privacy-and-image-law-for-creators", "articles": [ { "id": "learn_r433_north_dakota_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_433_north_dakota_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_anchor_32", "category": "Safety", "title": "[Unverified - being checked] North Dakota Century Code: Chapter 32-49 index heading (anchor)", "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] The North Dakota Legislative Branch's official Century Code site (ndlegis.gov) publishes chapter 32-49 under the heading quoted.", "body": "The North Dakota Legislative Branch's official Century Code site (ndlegis.gov) publishes chapter 32-49 under the heading quoted.\n\nWhat North Dakota Legislative Branch (North Dakota Century Code) actually says:\n\n“North Dakota Century Code Chapter 32-49 Uniform Civil Remedies for Unauthorized Disclosure of Intimate Images Act”\n\nNote: Anchor record: the legislature's own statute site, ndlegis.gov (state domain).", "source_type": "official", "source_link": "https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t32c49.html", "last_verified": "2026-10-19", "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE", "source_tier": "A", "source_publisher": "North Dakota Legislative Branch (North Dakota Century Code)", "evidence_quote": "North Dakota Century Code Chapter 32-49 Uniform Civil Remedies for Unauthorized Disclosure of Intimate Images Act", "volatility": "low", "from_batch": "433-north-dakota-privacy-and-image-law-for-creators", "subject": "North Dakota Century Code", "topic": "Chapter 32-49 index heading (anchor)", "applies_to_country": "US", "applies_to_scope": "ND", "tags": { "lane": "any", "stage": "setting_up", "region": [ "us-nd" ], "platform": "any", "topic": [ "unclassified" ], "explicitness": "any" }, "verification": { "status": "unverified", "label": "Unverified - being checked", "reasons": [ "legal_fetch_over_cap" ], "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z" } }, { "id": "learn_r433_north_dakota_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_433_north_dakota_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_anchor_12", "category": "Safety", "title": "[Unverified - being checked] North Dakota Century Code: Chapter 12.1-27.1 index heading (anchor)", "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] The North Dakota Legislative Branch's official Century Code site (ndlegis.gov) publishes chapter 12.1-27.1 under the heading quoted.", "body": "The North Dakota Legislative Branch's official Century Code site (ndlegis.gov) publishes chapter 12.1-27.1 under the heading quoted.\n\nWhat North Dakota Legislative Branch (North Dakota Century Code) actually says:\n\n“North Dakota Century Code Chapter 12.1-27.1 Obscenity Control”\n\nNote: Anchor record: the legislature's own statute site, ndlegis.gov (state domain).", "source_type": "official", "source_link": "https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t12-1c27-1.html", "last_verified": "2026-10-19", "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE", "source_tier": "A", "source_publisher": "North Dakota Legislative Branch (North Dakota Century Code)", "evidence_quote": "North Dakota Century Code Chapter 12.1-27.1 Obscenity Control", "volatility": "low", "from_batch": "433-north-dakota-privacy-and-image-law-for-creators", "subject": "North Dakota Century Code", "topic": "Chapter 12.1-27.1 index heading (anchor)", "applies_to_country": "US", "applies_to_scope": "ND", "tags": { "lane": "any", "stage": "setting_up", "region": [ "us-nd" ], "platform": "any", "topic": [ "unclassified" ], "explicitness": "any" }, "verification": { "status": "unverified", "label": "Unverified - being checked", "reasons": [ "legal_fetch_over_cap" ], "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z" } }, { "id": "learn_r433_north_dakota_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_433_north_dakota_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_civ_32_49", "category": "Safety", "title": "[Unverified - being checked] N.D.C.C. 32-49-07: Construction with the Communications Decency Act", "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] N.D.C.C. 32-49-07 requires chapter 32-49 to be construed consistently with the Communications Decency Act of 1996 (47 U.S.C. 230), so a website host is not made liable by the chapter for content posted by others.", "body": "N.D.C.C. 32-49-07 requires chapter 32-49 to be construed consistently with the Communications Decency Act of 1996 (47 U.S.C. 230), so a website host is not made liable by the chapter for content posted by others.\n\nWhat North Dakota Legislative Branch (North Dakota Century Code) actually says:\n\n“This chapter must be construed to be consistent with the Communications Decency Act”\n\nNote: Source is the legislature's chapter PDF (ndlegis.gov); the verifier cannot read PDFs, quote checked by hand with pdftotext.", "source_type": "official", "source_link": "https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t32c49.pdf", "last_verified": "2026-10-19", "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE", "source_tier": "A", "source_publisher": "North Dakota Legislative Branch (North Dakota Century Code)", "evidence_quote": "This chapter must be construed to be consistent with the Communications Decency Act", "volatility": "low", "from_batch": "433-north-dakota-privacy-and-image-law-for-creators", "subject": "N.D.C.C. 32-49-07", "topic": "Construction with the Communications Decency Act", "applies_to_country": "US", "applies_to_scope": "ND", "tags": { "lane": "any", "stage": "setting_up", "region": [ "us-nd" ], "platform": "any", "topic": [ "unclassified" ], "explicitness": "any" }, "verification": { "status": "unverified", "label": "Unverified - being checked", "reasons": [ "legal_fetch_over_cap" ], "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z" } }, { "id": "learn_r433_north_dakota_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_433_north_dakota_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_sei_12p1_", "category": "Safety", "title": "[Unverified - being checked] N.D.C.C. 12.1-27.1-03.3: Civil action and damages for sexually expressive images", "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] N.D.C.C. 12.1-27.1-03.3(6)-(8) gives an identifiable, harmed depicted individual a cause of action, with recovery of the greater of actual damages or up to ten thousand dollars in statutory damages per defendant, the defendant's monetary gain, exemplary damages, attorney fees and costs, and injunctive relief.", "body": "N.D.C.C. 12.1-27.1-03.3(6)-(8) gives an identifiable, harmed depicted individual a cause of action, with recovery of the greater of actual damages or up to ten thousand dollars in statutory damages per defendant, the defendant's monetary gain, exemplary damages, attorney fees and costs, and injunctive relief.\n\nWhat North Dakota Legislative Branch (North Dakota Century Code) actually says:\n\n“6. A depicted individual who is identifiable and who suffers harm from a person's violation of this section has a cause of action against the person if the person produced, possessed, distributed, promoted, advertised, sold, exhibited, broadcasted, or transmitted the sexually expressive image for the purpose of sexual arousal, sexual gratification, humiliation, degradation, or monetary or commercial gain. a. The court may order the filing party to redact from all pleadings and documents filed in the action other identifying characteristics of the plaintiff. b. A party to whom subdivision a applies shall file with the court and serve on all other parties a redacted and unredacted version of the filing and a confidential information form that includes the redacted plaintiff's name and other identifying characteristics. c. The court may make further orders as necessary to protect the identity and privacy of a plaintiff. 7. In an action under subsection 6, a prevailing plaintiff may recover: a. The greater of: (1) Economic and noneconomic damages proximately caused by the defendant's violation of this section, including damages for emotional distress whether or not accompanied by other damages; or (2) Statutory damages not to exceed ten thousand dollars against each defendant found liable under this section; b. An amount equal to any monetary gain made by the defendant from the distribution, promotion, advertising, sale, exhibition, broadcasting, or transmission of the sexually expressive image; and c. Exemplary damages. 8. In an action under subsection 6, the court may award a prevailing plaintiff: a. Reasonable attorney fees and costs; and b. Other remedies available by law, including injunctive relief.”\n\nNote: Source is the legislature's chapter PDF (ndlegis.gov); the verifier cannot read PDFs, quote checked by hand with pdftotext.", "source_type": "official", "source_link": "https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t12-1c27-1.pdf", "last_verified": "2026-10-19", "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE", "source_tier": "A", "source_publisher": "North Dakota Legislative Branch (North Dakota Century Code)", "evidence_quote": "6. A depicted individual who is identifiable and who suffers harm from a person's violation of this section has a cause of action against the person if the person produced, possessed, distributed, promoted, advertised, sold, exhibited, broadcasted, or transmitted the sexually expressive image for the purpose of sexual arousal, sexual gratification, humiliation, degradation, or monetary or commercial gain. a. The court may order the filing party to redact from all pleadings and documents filed in the action other identifying characteristics of the plaintiff. b. A party to whom subdivision a applies shall file with the court and serve on all other parties a redacted and unredacted version of the filing and a confidential information form that includes the redacted plaintiff's name and other identifying characteristics. c. The court may make further orders as necessary to protect the identity and privacy of a plaintiff. 7. In an action under subsection 6, a prevailing plaintiff may recover: a. The greater of: (1) Economic and noneconomic damages proximately caused by the defendant's violation of this section, including damages for emotional distress whether or not accompanied by other damages; or (2) Statutory damages not to exceed ten thousand dollars against each defendant found liable under this section; b. An amount equal to any monetary gain made by the defendant from the distribution, promotion, advertising, sale, exhibition, broadcasting, or transmission of the sexually expressive image; and c. Exemplary damages. 8. In an action under subsection 6, the court may award a prevailing plaintiff: a. Reasonable attorney fees and costs; and b. Other remedies available by law, including injunctive relief.", "volatility": "low", "from_batch": "433-north-dakota-privacy-and-image-law-for-creators", "subject": "N.D.C.C. 12.1-27.1-03.3", "topic": "Civil action and damages for sexually expressive images", "applies_to_country": "US", "applies_to_scope": "ND", "tags": { "lane": "any", "stage": "setting_up", "region": [ "us-nd" ], "platform": "any", "topic": [ "unclassified" ], "explicitness": "any" }, "verification": { "status": "unverified", "label": "Unverified - being checked", "reasons": [ "legal_fetch_over_cap" ], "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z" } }, { "id": "learn_r433_north_dakota_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_433_north_dakota_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_nci_12p1_", "category": "Safety", "title": "[Unverified - being checked] N.D.C.C. 12.1-17-07.2: Definition of intimate image (computer-generated images included)", "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] N.D.C.C. 12.1-17-07.2(1)(c) defines an intimate image as any visual depiction, photograph, film, video, recording, picture, or computer or computer-generated image or picture that depicts exposed genitals or pubic area, a female breast below the top of the areola, or the individual engaged in sexually explicit conduct; the words 'computer-generated image' bring synthetic depictions within the definition.", "body": "N.D.C.C. 12.1-17-07.2(1)(c) defines an intimate image as any visual depiction, photograph, film, video, recording, picture, or computer or computer-generated image or picture that depicts exposed genitals or pubic area, a female breast below the top of the areola, or the individual engaged in sexually explicit conduct; the words 'computer-generated image' bring synthetic depictions within the definition.\n\nWhat North Dakota Legislative Branch (North Dakota Century Code) actually says:\n\n“c. \"Intimate image\" means any visual depiction, photograph, film, video, recording, picture, or computer or computer-generated image or picture, whether made or produced by electronic, mechanical, or other means, that depicts: (1) Exposed human male or female genitals or pubic area, with less than an opaque covering; (2) A female breast with less than an opaque covering, or any portion of the female breast below the top of the areola; or (3) The individual engaged in any sexually explicit conduct.”\n\nNote: Source is the legislature's chapter PDF (ndlegis.gov); the verifier cannot read PDFs, quote checked by hand with pdftotext.", "source_type": "official", "source_link": "https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t12-1c17.pdf", "last_verified": "2026-10-19", "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE", "source_tier": "A", "source_publisher": "North Dakota Legislative Branch (North Dakota Century Code)", "evidence_quote": "c. \"Intimate image\" means any visual depiction, photograph, film, video, recording, picture, or computer or computer-generated image or picture, whether made or produced by electronic, mechanical, or other means, that depicts: (1) Exposed human male or female genitals or pubic area, with less than an opaque covering; (2) A female breast with less than an opaque covering, or any portion of the female breast below the top of the areola; or (3) The individual engaged in any sexually explicit conduct.", "volatility": "low", "from_batch": "433-north-dakota-privacy-and-image-law-for-creators", "subject": "N.D.C.C. 12.1-17-07.2", "topic": "Definition of intimate image (computer-generated images included)", "applies_to_country": "US", "applies_to_scope": "ND", "tags": { "lane": "any", "stage": "setting_up", "region": [ "us-nd" ], "platform": "any", "topic": [ "unclassified" ], "explicitness": "any" }, "verification": { "status": "unverified", "label": "Unverified - being checked", "reasons": [ "legal_fetch_over_cap" ], "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z" } }, { "id": "learn_r433_north_dakota_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_433_north_dakota_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_haras_12p", "category": "Safety", "title": "[Unverified - being checked] N.D.C.C. 12.1-17-07: Harassment (including publishing personal identifying information)", "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] N.D.C.C. 12.1-17-07(2)(e) makes it an offense, with intent to frighten or harass, to communicate or electronically publish an individual's personal identifying information to a public internet site or public forum; (2)(d) covers communicating a falsehood by electronic communication that causes mental anguish. Harassment is a class B misdemeanor, or class A for a threat (subdivision a).", "body": "N.D.C.C. 12.1-17-07(2)(e) makes it an offense, with intent to frighten or harass, to communicate or electronically publish an individual's personal identifying information to a public internet site or public forum; (2)(d) covers communicating a falsehood by electronic communication that causes mental anguish. Harassment is a class B misdemeanor, or class A for a threat (subdivision a).\n\nWhat North Dakota Legislative Branch (North Dakota Century Code) actually says:\n\n“2. A person is guilty of an offense if, with intent to frighten or harass another, the person: a. Communicates in writing or by electronic communication a threat to inflict injury on any person, to any person's reputation, or to any property; b. Makes a telephone call anonymously or in offensively coarse language; c. Makes repeated telephone calls or other electronic communication, whether or not a conversation ensues, with no purpose of legitimate communication; d. Communicates a falsehood in writing or by electronic communication and causes mental anguish; e. Communicates in writing, by electronic communication, or by electronically publishing, posting, or otherwise disclosing information to a public internet site or public forum an individual's personal identifying information; or f. Uses a robot to engage in offensive conduct with no legitimate purpose. 3. The offense is a class A misdemeanor if it is under subdivision a of subsection 2 or subsection 5. Otherwise it is a class B misdemeanor.”\n\nNote: Source is the legislature's chapter PDF (ndlegis.gov); the verifier cannot read PDFs, quote checked by hand with pdftotext.", "source_type": "official", "source_link": "https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t12-1c17.pdf", "last_verified": "2026-10-19", "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE", "source_tier": "A", "source_publisher": "North Dakota Legislative Branch (North Dakota Century Code)", "evidence_quote": "2. A person is guilty of an offense if, with intent to frighten or harass another, the person: a. Communicates in writing or by electronic communication a threat to inflict injury on any person, to any person's reputation, or to any property; b. Makes a telephone call anonymously or in offensively coarse language; c. Makes repeated telephone calls or other electronic communication, whether or not a conversation ensues, with no purpose of legitimate communication; d. Communicates a falsehood in writing or by electronic communication and causes mental anguish; e. Communicates in writing, by electronic communication, or by electronically publishing, posting, or otherwise disclosing information to a public internet site or public forum an individual's personal identifying information; or f. Uses a robot to engage in offensive conduct with no legitimate purpose. 3. The offense is a class A misdemeanor if it is under subdivision a of subsection 2 or subsection 5. Otherwise it is a class B misdemeanor.", "volatility": "low", "from_batch": "433-north-dakota-privacy-and-image-law-for-creators", "subject": "N.D.C.C. 12.1-17-07", "topic": "Harassment (including publishing personal identifying information)", "applies_to_country": "US", "applies_to_scope": "ND", "tags": { "lane": "any", "stage": "setting_up", "region": [ "us-nd" ], "platform": "any", "topic": [ "unclassified" ], "explicitness": "any" }, "verification": { "status": "unverified", "label": "Unverified - being checked", "reasons": [ "legal_fetch_over_cap" ], "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z" } }, { "id": "learn_r433_north_dakota_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_433_north_dakota_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_stalk_12p", "category": "Safety", "title": "[Unverified - being checked] N.D.C.C. 12.1-17-07.1: Stalking (including electronic tracking)", "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] N.D.C.C. 12.1-17-07.1 defines stalking as an intentional course of conduct directed at a specific person that frightens, intimidates or harasses and serves no legitimate purpose, or the unauthorized tracking of a person's movements by GPS, robot or other electronic means.", "body": "N.D.C.C. 12.1-17-07.1 defines stalking as an intentional course of conduct directed at a specific person that frightens, intimidates or harasses and serves no legitimate purpose, or the unauthorized tracking of a person's movements by GPS, robot or other electronic means.\n\nWhat North Dakota Legislative Branch (North Dakota Century Code) actually says:\n\n“\"Stalk\" means: (1) To engage in an intentional course of conduct directed at a specific person which frightens, intimidates, or harasses that person and which serves no legitimate purpose.”\n\nNote: Source is the legislature's chapter PDF (ndlegis.gov); the verifier cannot read PDFs, quote checked by hand with pdftotext.", "source_type": "official", "source_link": "https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t12-1c17.pdf", "last_verified": "2026-10-19", "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE", "source_tier": "A", "source_publisher": "North Dakota Legislative Branch (North Dakota Century Code)", "evidence_quote": "\"Stalk\" means: (1) To engage in an intentional course of conduct directed at a specific person which frightens, intimidates, or harasses that person and which serves no legitimate purpose.", "volatility": "low", "from_batch": "433-north-dakota-privacy-and-image-law-for-creators", "subject": "N.D.C.C. 12.1-17-07.1", "topic": "Stalking (including electronic tracking)", "applies_to_country": "US", "applies_to_scope": "ND", "tags": { "lane": "any", "stage": "setting_up", "region": [ "us-nd" ], "platform": "any", "topic": [ "unclassified" ], "explicitness": "any" }, "verification": { "status": "unverified", "label": "Unverified - being checked", "reasons": [ "legal_fetch_over_cap" ], "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z" } }, { "id": "learn_r433_north_dakota_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_433_north_dakota_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_stalk_pen", "category": "Safety", "title": "[Unverified - being checked] N.D.C.C. 12.1-17-07.1: Stalking penalty class", "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] N.D.C.C. 12.1-17-07.1(6) makes stalking a class C felony after a prior qualifying conviction involving the victim, if it violates a protection order the person had notice of, or after a prior stalking conviction, and otherwise a class A misdemeanor.", "body": "N.D.C.C. 12.1-17-07.1(6) makes stalking a class C felony after a prior qualifying conviction involving the victim, if it violates a protection order the person had notice of, or after a prior stalking conviction, and otherwise a class A misdemeanor.\n\nWhat North Dakota Legislative Branch (North Dakota Century Code) actually says:\n\n“6. a. A person who violates this section is guilty of a class C felony if: (1) The person previously has been convicted of violating section 12.1-17-01, 12.1-17-01.1, 12.1-17-01.2, 12.1-17-02, 12.1-17-04, 12.1-17-05, or 12.1-17-07, or a similar offense from another court in North Dakota, a court of record in the United States, or a tribal court, involving the victim of the stalking; (2) The stalking violates a court order issued under chapter 14-07.1 protecting the victim of the stalking, if the person had notice of the court order; or (3) The person previously has been convicted of violating this section. b. If subdivision a does not apply, a person who violates this section is guilty of a class A misdemeanor.”\n\nNote: Source is the legislature's chapter PDF (ndlegis.gov); the verifier cannot read PDFs, quote checked by hand with pdftotext.", "source_type": "official", "source_link": "https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t12-1c17.pdf", "last_verified": "2026-10-19", "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE", "source_tier": "A", "source_publisher": "North Dakota Legislative Branch (North Dakota Century Code)", "evidence_quote": "6. a. A person who violates this section is guilty of a class C felony if: (1) The person previously has been convicted of violating section 12.1-17-01, 12.1-17-01.1, 12.1-17-01.2, 12.1-17-02, 12.1-17-04, 12.1-17-05, or 12.1-17-07, or a similar offense from another court in North Dakota, a court of record in the United States, or a tribal court, involving the victim of the stalking; (2) The stalking violates a court order issued under chapter 14-07.1 protecting the victim of the stalking, if the person had notice of the court order; or (3) The person previously has been convicted of violating this section. b. If subdivision a does not apply, a person who violates this section is guilty of a class A misdemeanor.", "volatility": "low", "from_batch": "433-north-dakota-privacy-and-image-law-for-creators", "subject": "N.D.C.C. 12.1-17-07.1", "topic": "Stalking penalty class", "applies_to_country": "US", "applies_to_scope": "ND", "tags": { "lane": "any", "stage": "setting_up", "region": [ "us-nd" ], "platform": "any", "topic": [ "unclassified" ], "explicitness": "any" }, "verification": { "status": "unverified", "label": "Unverified - being checked", "reasons": [ "legal_fetch_over_cap" ], "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z" } }, { "id": "learn_r433_north_dakota_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_433_north_dakota_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_pub_abs_1", "category": "Safety", "title": "[Unverified - being checked] No statutory right of publicity in the Personal Rights chapter", "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] The chapter 14-02 index (Personal Rights) lists general personal rights, defamation, libel, slander, privileged communications and (in the sections after the quoted span) libel retraction, broadcast defamation, the single publication act and a discrimination policy, but no section on commercial appropriation of name or likeness; no North Dakota right-of-publicity statute was found.", "body": "The chapter 14-02 index (Personal Rights) lists general personal rights, defamation, libel, slander, privileged communications and (in the sections after the quoted span) libel retraction, broadcast defamation, the single publication act and a discrimination policy, but no section on commercial appropriation of name or likeness; no North Dakota right-of-publicity statute was found.\n\nWhat North Dakota Legislative Branch (North Dakota Century Code) actually says:\n\n“14-02-01 General personal rights 14-02-02 Defamation classified 14-02-03 Civil libel defined 14-02-04 Civil slander defined 14-02-05 Privileged communications 14-02-06 Offenses against personal relation 14-02-07 Force to protect”\n\nNote: ABSENCE RECORD (inferred from an index/listing or a page that does not mention it, not from operative text). Searched the full Century Code text (the legislature's official JSON, 2026-09-15 version) for 'right of publicity', 'likeness', and name-or-voice misuse, and read the 14-02 index; common-law misappropriation is not a statute and is not recorded here.", "source_type": "official", "source_link": "https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t14c02.html", "last_verified": "2026-10-19", "reliability": "CREATOR STRATEGY", "source_tier": "A", "source_publisher": "North Dakota Legislative Branch (North Dakota Century Code)", "evidence_quote": "14-02-01 General personal rights 14-02-02 Defamation classified 14-02-03 Civil libel defined 14-02-04 Civil slander defined 14-02-05 Privileged communications 14-02-06 Offenses against personal relation 14-02-07 Force to protect", "volatility": "medium", "from_batch": "433-north-dakota-privacy-and-image-law-for-creators", "subject": "N.D.C.C. chapter 14-02", "topic": "No statutory right of publicity in the Personal Rights chapter", "applies_to_country": "US", "applies_to_scope": "ND", "tags": { "lane": "any", "stage": "setting_up", "region": [ "us-nd" ], "platform": "any", "topic": [ "unclassified" ], "explicitness": "any" }, "verification": { "status": "unverified", "label": "Unverified - being checked", "reasons": [ "legal_fetch_over_cap" ], "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z" } }, { "id": "learn_r433_north_dakota_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_433_north_dakota_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_trade_47_", "category": "Safety", "title": "[Unverified - being checked] N.D.C.C. 47-25-02: Trade name registration: statement contents (owner's name and address)", "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] N.D.C.C. 47-25-02 forbids doing business under a trade name until registered with the Secretary of State and requires the registration statement to give the trade name, the name and address of the owner, the address of the principal place of business, and the nature of the business in detail.", "body": "N.D.C.C. 47-25-02 forbids doing business under a trade name until registered with the Secretary of State and requires the registration statement to give the trade name, the name and address of the owner, the address of the principal place of business, and the nature of the business in detail.\n\nWhat North Dakota Legislative Branch (North Dakota Century Code) actually says:\n\n“A person or organization may not engage in business in this state under a trade name until the trade name is registered with the secretary of state. This section does not apply to partnerships that have filed a fictitious name certificate as provided under chapter 45-11. The trade name registration must be a statement executed by the owner upon forms prescribed by the secretary of state, setting forth: 1. The trade name to be registered; 2. The name and address of the owner of the business, and if a corporation, limited liability company, or other organization, the state or country of incorporation or organization; 3. Address of the principal place of business; and 4. The nature of the business in detail.”\n\nNote: Source is the legislature's chapter PDF (ndlegis.gov); the verifier cannot read PDFs, quote checked by hand with pdftotext.", "source_type": "official", "source_link": "https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t47c25.pdf", "last_verified": "2026-10-19", "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE", "source_tier": "A", "source_publisher": "North Dakota Legislative Branch (North Dakota Century Code)", "evidence_quote": "A person or organization may not engage in business in this state under a trade name until the trade name is registered with the secretary of state. This section does not apply to partnerships that have filed a fictitious name certificate as provided under chapter 45-11. The trade name registration must be a statement executed by the owner upon forms prescribed by the secretary of state, setting forth: 1. The trade name to be registered; 2. The name and address of the owner of the business, and if a corporation, limited liability company, or other organization, the state or country of incorporation or organization; 3. Address of the principal place of business; and 4. The nature of the business in detail.", "volatility": "low", "from_batch": "433-north-dakota-privacy-and-image-law-for-creators", "subject": "N.D.C.C. 47-25-02", "topic": "Trade name registration: statement contents (owner's name and address)", "applies_to_country": "US", "applies_to_scope": "ND", "tags": { "lane": "any", "stage": "setting_up", "region": [ "us-nd" ], "platform": "any", "topic": [ "unclassified" ], "explicitness": "any" }, "verification": { "status": "unverified", "label": "Unverified - being checked", "reasons": [ "legal_fetch_over_cap" ], "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z" } }, { "id": "learn_r433_north_dakota_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_433_north_dakota_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_trade_pub", "category": "Safety", "title": "[Unverified - being checked] North Dakota Secretary of State: A trade name registration is a public record identifying the owner", "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] The Secretary of State says a trade name registration establishes a public record from which the name of the owner of the business can be identified; the owner's address is also stated in the statement (N.D.C.C. 47-25-02).", "body": "The Secretary of State says a trade name registration establishes a public record from which the name of the owner of the business can be identified; the owner's address is also stated in the statement (N.D.C.C. 47-25-02).\n\nWhat North Dakota Secretary of State actually says:\n\n“Establishes a public record from which the name of the owner of the business can be identified.”", "source_type": "official", "source_link": "https://sos.nd.gov/business/business-services/register-business", "last_verified": "2026-10-19", "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE", "source_tier": "A", "source_publisher": "North Dakota Secretary of State", "evidence_quote": "Establishes a public record from which the name of the owner of the business can be identified.", "volatility": "medium", "from_batch": "433-north-dakota-privacy-and-image-law-for-creators", "subject": "North Dakota Secretary of State", "topic": "A trade name registration is a public record identifying the owner", "applies_to_country": "US", "applies_to_scope": "ND", "tags": { "lane": "any", "stage": "setting_up", "region": [ "us-nd" ], "platform": "any", "topic": [ "unclassified" ], "explicitness": "any" }, "verification": { "status": "failed", "label": "Unverified - being checked", "reasons": [ "hollow_body", "strong_label_on_weak_content" ], "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z" } }, { "id": "learn_r433_north_dakota_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_433_north_dakota_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_trade_ssn", "category": "Safety", "title": "[Unverified - being checked] N.D.C.C. 47-25-08: Social security and federal tax numbers are exempt records in trade name filings", "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] N.D.C.C. 47-25-08 makes any social security number or federal tax identification number in a trade name document an exempt record and directs the Secretary of State to delete or obscure it before releasing a copy.", "body": "N.D.C.C. 47-25-08 makes any social security number or federal tax identification number in a trade name document an exempt record and directs the Secretary of State to delete or obscure it before releasing a copy.\n\nWhat North Dakota Legislative Branch (North Dakota Century Code) actually says:\n\n“Any social security number or federal tax identification number disclosed or contained in any document filed with the secretary of state under this chapter is an exempt record”\n\nNote: Source is the legislature's chapter PDF (ndlegis.gov); the verifier cannot read PDFs, quote checked by hand with pdftotext.", "source_type": "official", "source_link": "https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t47c25.pdf", "last_verified": "2026-10-19", "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE", "source_tier": "A", "source_publisher": "North Dakota Legislative Branch (North Dakota Century Code)", "evidence_quote": "Any social security number or federal tax identification number disclosed or contained in any document filed with the secretary of state under this chapter is an exempt record", "volatility": "low", "from_batch": "433-north-dakota-privacy-and-image-law-for-creators", "subject": "N.D.C.C. 47-25-08", "topic": "Social security and federal tax numbers are exempt records in trade name filings", "applies_to_country": "US", "applies_to_scope": "ND", "tags": { "lane": "any", "stage": "setting_up", "region": [ "us-nd" ], "platform": "any", "topic": [ "unclassified" ], "explicitness": "any" }, "verification": { "status": "unverified", "label": "Unverified - being checked", "reasons": [ "legal_fetch_over_cap" ], "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z" } }, { "id": "learn_r433_north_dakota_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_433_north_dakota_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_addr_10_0", "category": "Safety", "title": "[Unverified - being checked] N.D.C.C. 10-01.1-04: Addresses in filings must be actual street addresses in North Dakota", "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] N.D.C.C. 10-01.1-04 requires a filing that must state an address to give an actual street address or rural route box number in this state, plus a mailing address in this state if different.", "body": "N.D.C.C. 10-01.1-04 requires a filing that must state an address to give an actual street address or rural route box number in this state, plus a mailing address in this state if different.\n\nWhat North Dakota Legislative Branch (North Dakota Century Code) actually says:\n\n“the filing must state: 1. An actual street address or rural route box number in this state; and 2. A mailing address in this state if different from the address under subsection 1.”\n\nNote: Source is the legislature's chapter PDF (ndlegis.gov); the verifier cannot read PDFs, quote checked by hand with pdftotext.", "source_type": "official", "source_link": "https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t10c01-1.pdf", "last_verified": "2026-10-19", "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE", "source_tier": "A", "source_publisher": "North Dakota Legislative Branch (North Dakota Century Code)", "evidence_quote": "the filing must state: 1. An actual street address or rural route box number in this state; and 2. A mailing address in this state if different from the address under subsection 1.", "volatility": "low", "from_batch": "433-north-dakota-privacy-and-image-law-for-creators", "subject": "N.D.C.C. 10-01.1-04", "topic": "Addresses in filings must be actual street addresses in North Dakota", "applies_to_country": "US", "applies_to_scope": "ND", "tags": { "lane": "any", "stage": "setting_up", "region": [ "us-nd" ], "platform": "any", "topic": [ "unclassified" ], "explicitness": "any" }, "verification": { "status": "unverified", "label": "Unverified - being checked", "reasons": [ "legal_fetch_over_cap" ], "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z" } }, { "id": "learn_r433_north_dakota_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_433_north_dakota_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_llc_art_1", "category": "Safety", "title": "[Unverified - being checked] N.D.C.C. 10-32.1-20: LLC articles of organization: what must be stated", "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] N.D.C.C. 10-32.1-20(2) requires articles of organization to state the LLC name, the commercial registered agent's name or a noncommercial agent's name and address, the address of the principal executive office, and the name and address of each organizer.", "body": "N.D.C.C. 10-32.1-20(2) requires articles of organization to state the LLC name, the commercial registered agent's name or a noncommercial agent's name and address, the address of the principal executive office, and the name and address of each organizer.\n\nWhat North Dakota Legislative Branch (North Dakota Century Code) actually says:\n\n“2. The articles of organization: a. Must state: (1) The name of the limited liability company, which must comply with section 10-32.1-11; (2) With respect to the registered agent: (a) The name of the commercial registered agent of the limited liability company as provided in chapter 10-01.1; or (b) The name and address of a noncommercial registered agent in this state as provided in chapter 10-01.1; (c) The address of the principal executive office; (d) The name and address of each organizer;”\n\nNote: Source is the legislature's chapter PDF (ndlegis.gov); the verifier cannot read PDFs, quote checked by hand with pdftotext.", "source_type": "official", "source_link": "https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t10c32-1.pdf", "last_verified": "2026-10-19", "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE", "source_tier": "A", "source_publisher": "North Dakota Legislative Branch (North Dakota Century Code)", "evidence_quote": "2. The articles of organization: a. Must state: (1) The name of the limited liability company, which must comply with section 10-32.1-11; (2) With respect to the registered agent: (a) The name of the commercial registered agent of the limited liability company as provided in chapter 10-01.1; or (b) The name and address of a noncommercial registered agent in this state as provided in chapter 10-01.1; (c) The address of the principal executive office; (d) The name and address of each organizer;", "volatility": "low", "from_batch": "433-north-dakota-privacy-and-image-law-for-creators", "subject": "N.D.C.C. 10-32.1-20", "topic": "LLC articles of organization: what must be stated", "applies_to_country": "US", "applies_to_scope": "ND", "tags": { "lane": "any", "stage": "setting_up", "region": [ "us-nd" ], "platform": "any", "topic": [ "unclassified" ], "explicitness": "any" }, "verification": { "status": "unverified", "label": "Unverified - being checked", "reasons": [ "legal_fetch_over_cap" ], "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z" } }, { "id": "learn_r433_north_dakota_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_433_north_dakota_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_ra_comm_p", "category": "Safety", "title": "[Unverified - being checked] North Dakota Secretary of State: A commercial registered agent's address need not be provided", "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] The Secretary of State says that if a business chooses a commercial registered agent, it does not need to provide the address of the commercial registered agent.", "body": "The Secretary of State says that if a business chooses a commercial registered agent, it does not need to provide the address of the commercial registered agent.\n\nWhat North Dakota Secretary of State actually says:\n\n“If you choose a commercial registered agent, you do not need to provide the address of the commercial registered agent.”", "source_type": "official", "source_link": "https://sos.nd.gov/business/business-services/registered-agents", "last_verified": "2026-10-19", "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE", "source_tier": "A", "source_publisher": "North Dakota Secretary of State", "evidence_quote": "If you choose a commercial registered agent, you do not need to provide the address of the commercial registered agent.", "volatility": "medium", "from_batch": "433-north-dakota-privacy-and-image-law-for-creators", "subject": "North Dakota Secretary of State", "topic": "A commercial registered agent's address need not be provided", "applies_to_country": "US", "applies_to_scope": "ND", "tags": { "lane": "any", "stage": "setting_up", "region": [ "us-nd" ], "platform": "any", "topic": [ "unclassified" ], "explicitness": "any" }, "verification": { "status": "unverified", "label": "Unverified - being checked", "reasons": [ "thin_body", "source_unverifiable:fetch_failed:budget" ], "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z" } }, { "id": "learn_r433_north_dakota_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_433_north_dakota_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_ra_non_pa", "category": "Safety", "title": "[Unverified - being checked] North Dakota Secretary of State: A noncommercial registered agent's physical address is required in the filing", "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] If a business chooses a noncommercial registered agent, its filing must include a complete physical address in North Dakota for that agent.", "body": "If a business chooses a noncommercial registered agent, its filing must include a complete physical address in North Dakota for that agent.\n\nWhat North Dakota Secretary of State actually says:\n\n“If you choose a noncommercial registered agent, your filing must include a complete physical address in North Dakota for that agent.”", "source_type": "official", "source_link": "https://sos.nd.gov/business/business-services/registered-agents", "last_verified": "2026-10-19", "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE", "source_tier": "A", "source_publisher": "North Dakota Secretary of State", "evidence_quote": "If you choose a noncommercial registered agent, your filing must include a complete physical address in North Dakota for that agent.", "volatility": "medium", "from_batch": "433-north-dakota-privacy-and-image-law-for-creators", "subject": "North Dakota Secretary of State", "topic": "A noncommercial registered agent's physical address is required in the filing", "applies_to_country": "US", "applies_to_scope": "ND", "tags": { "lane": "any", "stage": "setting_up", "region": [ "us-nd" ], "platform": "any", "topic": [ "unclassified" ], "explicitness": "any" }, "verification": { "status": "unverified", "label": "Unverified - being checked", "reasons": [ "thin_body", "source_unverifiable:fetch_failed:budget" ], "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z" } }, { "id": "learn_r433_north_dakota_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_433_north_dakota_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_sol_misd_", "category": "Safety", "title": "[Unverified - being checked] N.D.C.C. 29-04-03: Criminal limitation period: misdemeanors", "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] N.D.C.C. 29-04-03 requires a prosecution for a misdemeanor or infraction to be commenced within two years after its commission, except as otherwise provided by law.", "body": "N.D.C.C. 29-04-03 requires a prosecution for a misdemeanor or infraction to be commenced within two years after its commission, except as otherwise provided by law.\n\nWhat North Dakota Legislative Branch (North Dakota Century Code) actually says:\n\n“A prosecution of a misdemeanor or infraction, except as otherwise provided by law, must be commenced within two years”\n\nNote: Source is the legislature's chapter PDF (ndlegis.gov); the verifier cannot read PDFs, quote checked by hand with pdftotext.", "source_type": "official", "source_link": "https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t29c04.pdf", "last_verified": "2026-10-19", "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE", "source_tier": "A", "source_publisher": "North Dakota Legislative Branch (North Dakota Century Code)", "evidence_quote": "A prosecution of a misdemeanor or infraction, except as otherwise provided by law, must be commenced within two years", "volatility": "low", "from_batch": "433-north-dakota-privacy-and-image-law-for-creators", "subject": "N.D.C.C. 29-04-03", "topic": "Criminal limitation period: misdemeanors", "applies_to_country": "US", "applies_to_scope": "ND", "tags": { "lane": "any", "stage": "setting_up", "region": [ "us-nd" ], "platform": "any", "topic": [ "unclassified" ], "explicitness": "any" }, "verification": { "status": "unverified", "label": "Unverified - being checked", "reasons": [ "legal_fetch_over_cap" ], "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z" } }, { "id": "learn_r433_north_dakota_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_nd_anchor", "category": "Safety", "title": "[Unverified - being checked] North Dakota: statutory code index", "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] North Dakota's statutes are published on the official Legislative Information site at ndlegis.gov under a codes index page listing 65 codes including the Century Code and Privacy/Sexual Violence Code.", "body": "North Dakota's statutes are published on the official Legislative Information site at ndlegis.gov under a codes index page listing 65 codes including the Century Code and Privacy/Sexual Violence Code.\n\nWhat North Dakota Legislative Branch actually says:\n\n“Index of the North Dakota Century Code”\n\nNote: Anchor record. The page heading and description are the verbatim evidence.", "source_type": "official", "source_link": "https://ndlegis.gov/general-information/north-dakota-century-code/index.html", "last_verified": "2026-10-15", "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE", "source_tier": "A", "source_publisher": "North Dakota Legislative Branch", "evidence_quote": "Index of the North Dakota Century Code", "volatility": "", "from_batch": "433-north-dakota-privacy-and-image-law-for-creators", "subject": "North Dakota", "topic": "statutory code index", "tags": { "lane": "any", "stage": "any", "region": [ "us-nd" ], "platform": "any", "topic": [ "safety.legal" ], "explicitness": "any" }, "verification": { "status": "unverified", "label": "Unverified - being checked", "reasons": [ "legal_fetch_over_cap" ], "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z" } } ] }