{ "batch": "445-vermont-privacy-and-image-law-for-creators", "articles": [ { "id": "learn_r445_vermont_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_445_vermont_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_anchor_13_059", "category": "Safety", "title": "[Unverified - being checked] Vermont Statutes Online: Title 13 chapter 059 heading (anchor)", "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] The Vermont General Assembly's official Vermont Statutes Online publishes 13 V.S.A. chapter 59 under the heading quoted. Sections 2605 (voyeurism) and 2606 (disclosure of sexually explicit images) are in subchapter 1 of this chapter.", "body": "The Vermont General Assembly's official Vermont Statutes Online publishes 13 V.S.A. chapter 59 under the heading quoted. Sections 2605 (voyeurism) and 2606 (disclosure of sexually explicit images) are in subchapter 1 of this chapter.\n\nWhat Vermont General Assembly (Vermont Statutes Online) actually says:\n\n“Chapter 059 : Lewdness and Prostitution”\n\nNote: Anchor record: the legislature's own statute site, legislature.vermont.gov (state domain).", "source_type": "official", "source_link": "https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/chapter/13/059", "last_verified": "2026-10-19", "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE", "source_tier": "A", "source_publisher": "Vermont General Assembly (Vermont Statutes Online)", "evidence_quote": "Chapter 059 : Lewdness and Prostitution", "volatility": "low", "from_batch": "445-vermont-privacy-and-image-law-for-creators", "subject": "Vermont Statutes Online", "topic": "Title 13 chapter 059 heading (anchor)", "applies_to_country": "US", "applies_to_scope": "VT", "tags": { "lane": "any", "stage": "setting_up", "region": [ "us-vt" ], "platform": "any", "topic": [ "unclassified" ], "explicitness": "any" }, "verification": { "status": "unverified", "label": "Unverified - being checked", "reasons": [ "legal_fetch_over_cap" ], "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z" } }, { "id": "learn_r445_vermont_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_445_vermont_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_ncii", "category": "Safety", "title": "[Unverified - being checked] 13 V.S.A. § 2606: Disclosure of sexually explicit images without consent (criminal)", "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] 13 V.S.A. 2606(b)(1): no person shall knowingly disclose a visual image of an identifiable nude or sexually engaged person without consent, with intent to harm, harass or intimidate, where a reasonable person would suffer harm; up to two years or $2,000, or up to five years or $10,000 if for financial profit.", "body": "13 V.S.A. 2606(b)(1): no person shall knowingly disclose a visual image of an identifiable nude or sexually engaged person without consent, with intent to harm, harass or intimidate, where a reasonable person would suffer harm; up to two years or $2,000, or up to five years or $10,000 if for financial profit.\n\nWhat Vermont General Assembly (Vermont Statutes Online) actually says:\n\n“No person shall knowingly disclose a visual image of an identifiable person who is nude or who is engaged in sexual conduct, without the person’s consent, with the intent to harm, harass, or intimidate the person depicted, and the disclosure would cause a reasonable person to suffer harm. A person who violates this subdivision shall be imprisoned not more than two years or fined not more than $2,000.00, or both. A person who violates this subdivision with the intent of disclosing the image for financial profit shall be imprisoned not more than five years or fined not more than $10,000.00, or both.”", "source_type": "official", "source_link": "https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/section/13/059/02606", "last_verified": "2026-10-19", "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE", "source_tier": "A", "source_publisher": "Vermont General Assembly (Vermont Statutes Online)", "evidence_quote": "No person shall knowingly disclose a visual image of an identifiable person who is nude or who is engaged in sexual conduct, without the person’s consent, with the intent to harm, harass, or intimidate the person depicted, and the disclosure would cause a reasonable person to suffer harm. A person who violates this subdivision shall be imprisoned not more than two years or fined not more than $2,000.00, or both. A person who violates this subdivision with the intent of disclosing the image for financial profit shall be imprisoned not more than five years or fined not more than $10,000.00, or both.", "volatility": "low", "from_batch": "445-vermont-privacy-and-image-law-for-creators", "subject": "13 V.S.A. § 2606", "topic": "Disclosure of sexually explicit images without consent (criminal)", "applies_to_country": "US", "applies_to_scope": "VT", "tags": { "lane": "any", "stage": "setting_up", "region": [ "us-vt" ], "platform": "any", "topic": [ "unclassified" ], "explicitness": "any" }, "verification": { "status": "failed", "label": "Unverified - being checked", "reasons": [ "hollow_body", "strong_label_on_weak_content" ], "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z" } }, { "id": "learn_r445_vermont_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_445_vermont_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_ncii_consent", "category": "Safety", "title": "[Unverified - being checked] 13 V.S.A. § 2606: Disclosure of sexually explicit images: consent to recording is not consent to disclosure", "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] 13 V.S.A. 2606(b)(2): consent to recording or production of the visual image does not, by itself, constitute consent for disclosure of the image.", "body": "13 V.S.A. 2606(b)(2): consent to recording or production of the visual image does not, by itself, constitute consent for disclosure of the image.\n\nWhat Vermont General Assembly (Vermont Statutes Online) actually says:\n\n“Consent to recording or production of the visual image does not, by itself, constitute consent for disclosure of the image.”", "source_type": "official", "source_link": "https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/section/13/059/02606", "last_verified": "2026-10-19", "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE", "source_tier": "A", "source_publisher": "Vermont General Assembly (Vermont Statutes Online)", "evidence_quote": "Consent to recording or production of the visual image does not, by itself, constitute consent for disclosure of the image.", "volatility": "low", "from_batch": "445-vermont-privacy-and-image-law-for-creators", "subject": "13 V.S.A. § 2606", "topic": "Disclosure of sexually explicit images: consent to recording is not consent to disclosure", "applies_to_country": "US", "applies_to_scope": "VT", "tags": { "lane": "any", "stage": "setting_up", "region": [ "us-vt" ], "platform": "any", "topic": [ "unclassified" ], "explicitness": "any" }, "verification": { "status": "failed", "label": "Unverified - being checked", "reasons": [ "hollow_body", "strong_label_on_weak_content" ], "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z" } }, { "id": "learn_r445_vermont_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_445_vermont_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_ncii_ai", "category": "Safety", "title": "[Unverified - being checked] 13 V.S.A. § 2606: Disclosure of sexually explicit images: digitally altered images included", "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] 13 V.S.A. 2606(a)(5)-(6): 'visual image' includes an image created or altered by digitization, meaning altering an image in a realistic manner using images of a person or computer-generated images.", "body": "13 V.S.A. 2606(a)(5)-(6): 'visual image' includes an image created or altered by digitization, meaning altering an image in a realistic manner using images of a person or computer-generated images.\n\nWhat Vermont General Assembly (Vermont Statutes Online) actually says:\n\n““Visual image” includes a photograph, film, videotape, recording, or digital reproduction, including an image created or altered by digitization. (6) “Digitization” means the process of altering an image in a realistic manner utilizing an image or images of a person, including images other than the person depicted, or computer-generated images.”", "source_type": "official", "source_link": "https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/section/13/059/02606", "last_verified": "2026-10-19", "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE", "source_tier": "A", "source_publisher": "Vermont General Assembly (Vermont Statutes Online)", "evidence_quote": "“Visual image” includes a photograph, film, videotape, recording, or digital reproduction, including an image created or altered by digitization. (6) “Digitization” means the process of altering an image in a realistic manner utilizing an image or images of a person, including images other than the person depicted, or computer-generated images.", "volatility": "low", "from_batch": "445-vermont-privacy-and-image-law-for-creators", "subject": "13 V.S.A. § 2606", "topic": "Disclosure of sexually explicit images: digitally altered images included", "applies_to_country": "US", "applies_to_scope": "VT", "tags": { "lane": "any", "stage": "setting_up", "region": [ "us-vt" ], "platform": "any", "topic": [ "unclassified" ], "explicitness": "any" }, "verification": { "status": "failed", "label": "Unverified - being checked", "reasons": [ "hollow_body", "strong_label_on_weak_content" ], "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z" } }, { "id": "learn_r445_vermont_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_445_vermont_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_v_disclose", "category": "Safety", "title": "[Unverified - being checked] 13 V.S.A. § 2605: Voyeurism: displaying or disclosing a recording made in violation", "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] 13 V.S.A. 2605(e): no person shall intentionally display or disclose to a third party an image recorded in violation of subsection (c).", "body": "13 V.S.A. 2605(e): no person shall intentionally display or disclose to a third party an image recorded in violation of subsection (c).\n\nWhat Vermont General Assembly (Vermont Statutes Online) actually says:\n\n“No person shall intentionally display or disclose to a third party an image recorded in violation of subsection (c) of this section.”", "source_type": "official", "source_link": "https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/section/13/059/02605", "last_verified": "2026-10-19", "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE", "source_tier": "A", "source_publisher": "Vermont General Assembly (Vermont Statutes Online)", "evidence_quote": "No person shall intentionally display or disclose to a third party an image recorded in violation of subsection (c) of this section.", "volatility": "low", "from_batch": "445-vermont-privacy-and-image-law-for-creators", "subject": "13 V.S.A. § 2605", "topic": "Voyeurism: displaying or disclosing a recording made in violation", "applies_to_country": "US", "applies_to_scope": "VT", "tags": { "lane": "any", "stage": "setting_up", "region": [ "us-vt" ], "platform": "any", "topic": [ "unclassified" ], "explicitness": "any" }, "verification": { "status": "failed", "label": "Unverified - being checked", "reasons": [ "hollow_body", "strong_label_on_weak_content" ], "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z" } }, { "id": "learn_r445_vermont_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_445_vermont_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_ncii_civil", "category": "Safety", "title": "[Unverified - being checked] 13 V.S.A. § 2606: Civil action for non-consensual disclosure of a sexual image", "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] 13 V.S.A. 2606(e)(1): a plaintiff has a private cause of action against a defendant who knowingly discloses, without consent, an identifiable visual image of the plaintiff nude or engaged in sexual conduct, where the disclosure causes harm.", "body": "13 V.S.A. 2606(e)(1): a plaintiff has a private cause of action against a defendant who knowingly discloses, without consent, an identifiable visual image of the plaintiff nude or engaged in sexual conduct, where the disclosure causes harm.\n\nWhat Vermont General Assembly (Vermont Statutes Online) actually says:\n\n“A plaintiff shall have a private cause of action against a defendant who knowingly discloses, without the plaintiff’s consent, an identifiable visual image of the plaintiff while the plaintiff is nude or engaged in sexual conduct and the disclosure causes the plaintiff harm.”", "source_type": "official", "source_link": "https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/section/13/059/02606", "last_verified": "2026-10-19", "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE", "source_tier": "A", "source_publisher": "Vermont General Assembly (Vermont Statutes Online)", "evidence_quote": "A plaintiff shall have a private cause of action against a defendant who knowingly discloses, without the plaintiff’s consent, an identifiable visual image of the plaintiff while the plaintiff is nude or engaged in sexual conduct and the disclosure causes the plaintiff harm.", "volatility": "low", "from_batch": "445-vermont-privacy-and-image-law-for-creators", "subject": "13 V.S.A. § 2606", "topic": "Civil action for non-consensual disclosure of a sexual image", "applies_to_country": "US", "applies_to_scope": "VT", "tags": { "lane": "any", "stage": "setting_up", "region": [ "us-vt" ], "platform": "any", "topic": [ "unclassified" ], "explicitness": "any" }, "verification": { "status": "failed", "label": "Unverified - being checked", "reasons": [ "hollow_body", "strong_label_on_weak_content" ], "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z" } }, { "id": "learn_r445_vermont_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_445_vermont_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_ncii_relief", "category": "Safety", "title": "[Unverified - being checked] 13 V.S.A. § 2606: Civil action: injunction and pseudonym", "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] 13 V.S.A. 2606(e)(2): in addition to other relief the court may order a temporary restraining order, preliminary injunction or permanent injunction ordering the defendant to cease display or disclosure of the image, and may maintain a plaintiff's confidentiality using a pseudonym.", "body": "13 V.S.A. 2606(e)(2): in addition to other relief the court may order a temporary restraining order, preliminary injunction or permanent injunction ordering the defendant to cease display or disclosure of the image, and may maintain a plaintiff's confidentiality using a pseudonym.\n\nWhat Vermont General Assembly (Vermont Statutes Online) actually says:\n\n“In addition to any other relief available at law, the court may order equitable relief, including a temporary restraining order, a preliminary injunction, or a permanent injunction ordering the defendant to cease display or disclosure of the image. The court may grant injunctive relief maintaining the confidentiality of a plaintiff using a pseudonym.”\n\nNote: Section 2606(e) names no statutory damages figure and says nothing about attorney fees; none appears in the text read.", "source_type": "official", "source_link": "https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/section/13/059/02606", "last_verified": "2026-10-19", "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE", "source_tier": "A", "source_publisher": "Vermont General Assembly (Vermont Statutes Online)", "evidence_quote": "In addition to any other relief available at law, the court may order equitable relief, including a temporary restraining order, a preliminary injunction, or a permanent injunction ordering the defendant to cease display or disclosure of the image. The court may grant injunctive relief maintaining the confidentiality of a plaintiff using a pseudonym.", "volatility": "low", "from_batch": "445-vermont-privacy-and-image-law-for-creators", "subject": "13 V.S.A. § 2606", "topic": "Civil action: injunction and pseudonym", "applies_to_country": "US", "applies_to_scope": "VT", "tags": { "lane": "any", "stage": "setting_up", "region": [ "us-vt" ], "platform": "any", "topic": [ "unclassified" ], "explicitness": "any" }, "verification": { "status": "unverified", "label": "Unverified - being checked", "reasons": [ "legal_fetch_over_cap" ], "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z" } }, { "id": "learn_r445_vermont_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_445_vermont_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_ncii_sol", "category": "Safety", "title": "[Unverified - being checked] 13 V.S.A. § 2606: Civil action: no time limit", "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] 13 V.S.A. 2606(e)(4): a civil action under the section may be commenced at any time after the act alleged to have caused the injury; the subsection applies retroactively to violations on or after July 1, 2015.", "body": "13 V.S.A. 2606(e)(4): a civil action under the section may be commenced at any time after the act alleged to have caused the injury; the subsection applies retroactively to violations on or after July 1, 2015.\n\nWhat Vermont General Assembly (Vermont Statutes Online) actually says:\n\n“A civil action authorized by this subsection may be commenced at any time after the act alleged to have caused the injury or condition. Notwithstanding 1 V.S.A. § 214, this subsection shall apply retroactively to a violation of this section that occurred on or after July 1, 2015, irrespective of any statute of limitations in effect at the time the violation occurred.”", "source_type": "official", "source_link": "https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/section/13/059/02606", "last_verified": "2026-10-19", "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE", "source_tier": "A", "source_publisher": "Vermont General Assembly (Vermont Statutes Online)", "evidence_quote": "A civil action authorized by this subsection may be commenced at any time after the act alleged to have caused the injury or condition. Notwithstanding 1 V.S.A. § 214, this subsection shall apply retroactively to a violation of this section that occurred on or after July 1, 2015, irrespective of any statute of limitations in effect at the time the violation occurred.", "volatility": "low", "from_batch": "445-vermont-privacy-and-image-law-for-creators", "subject": "13 V.S.A. § 2606", "topic": "Civil action: no time limit", "applies_to_country": "US", "applies_to_scope": "VT", "tags": { "lane": "any", "stage": "setting_up", "region": [ "us-vt" ], "platform": "any", "topic": [ "unclassified" ], "explicitness": "any" }, "verification": { "status": "failed", "label": "Unverified - being checked", "reasons": [ "hollow_body", "strong_label_on_weak_content" ], "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z" } }, { "id": "learn_r445_vermont_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_445_vermont_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_ncii_site", "category": "Safety", "title": "[Unverified - being checked] 13 V.S.A. § 2606: Website fee ban: no charge to remove a depicted person's image", "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] 13 V.S.A. 2606(c): a person who maintains a website, online service or application that contains a nude or sexual image of an identifiable person shall not solicit or accept a fee or other consideration to remove, delete, correct, modify or refrain from posting the image if requested by the depicted person.", "body": "13 V.S.A. 2606(c): a person who maintains a website, online service or application that contains a nude or sexual image of an identifiable person shall not solicit or accept a fee or other consideration to remove, delete, correct, modify or refrain from posting the image if requested by the depicted person.\n\nWhat Vermont General Assembly (Vermont Statutes Online) actually says:\n\n“A person who maintains an internet website, online service, online application, or mobile application that contains a visual image of an identifiable person who is nude or who is engaged in sexual conduct shall not solicit or accept a fee or other consideration to remove, delete, correct, modify, or refrain from posting or disclosing the visual image if requested by the depicted person.”\n\nNote: Section 2606(d)(4) separately exempts interactive computer services for content solely provided by another person.", "source_type": "official", "source_link": "https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/section/13/059/02606", "last_verified": "2026-10-19", "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE", "source_tier": "A", "source_publisher": "Vermont General Assembly (Vermont Statutes Online)", "evidence_quote": "A person who maintains an internet website, online service, online application, or mobile application that contains a visual image of an identifiable person who is nude or who is engaged in sexual conduct shall not solicit or accept a fee or other consideration to remove, delete, correct, modify, or refrain from posting or disclosing the visual image if requested by the depicted person.", "volatility": "low", "from_batch": "445-vermont-privacy-and-image-law-for-creators", "subject": "13 V.S.A. § 2606", "topic": "Website fee ban: no charge to remove a depicted person's image", "applies_to_country": "US", "applies_to_scope": "VT", "tags": { "lane": "any", "stage": "setting_up", "region": [ "us-vt" ], "platform": "any", "topic": [ "unclassified" ], "explicitness": "any" }, "verification": { "status": "unverified", "label": "Unverified - being checked", "reasons": [ "legal_fetch_over_cap" ], "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z" } }, { "id": "learn_r445_vermont_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_445_vermont_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_crim_sol", "category": "Safety", "title": "[Unverified - being checked] 13 V.S.A. § 4501: Criminal limitation period for disclosure of sexually explicit images", "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] 13 V.S.A. 4501(c)(6)-(8): prosecutions for voyeurism by photographing or recording (2605(c)), display or disclosure of voyeuristic images (2605(e)) and disclosure of sexually explicit images without consent (2606) must be commenced within 40 years of the offence.", "body": "13 V.S.A. 4501(c)(6)-(8): prosecutions for voyeurism by photographing or recording (2605(c)), display or disclosure of voyeuristic images (2605(e)) and disclosure of sexually explicit images without consent (2606) must be commenced within 40 years of the offence.\n\nWhat Vermont General Assembly (Vermont Statutes Online) actually says:\n\n“Prosecutions for any of the following offenses shall be commenced within 40 years after the commission of the offense, and not after: (1) lewd and lascivious conduct under section 2601 of this title alleged to have been committed against a child under 18 years of age; (2) maiming under section 2701 of this title; (3) lewd or lascivious conduct with a child under section 2602 of this title; (4) sexual exploitation of children under chapter 64 of this title; (5) sexual abuse of a vulnerable adult under subsection 1379(b) of this title; (6) voyeurism involving photographing, filming, or recording under subsection 2605(c) of this title; (7) voyeurism involving display or disclosure of images to a third party under subsection 2605(e) of this title; (8) disclosure of sexually explicit images without consent under section 2606 of this title;”\n\nNote: The ordinary period for other misdemeanors and felonies is three years (4501(e)).", "source_type": "official", "source_link": "https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/section/13/151/04501", "last_verified": "2026-10-19", "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE", "source_tier": "A", "source_publisher": "Vermont General Assembly (Vermont Statutes Online)", "evidence_quote": "Prosecutions for any of the following offenses shall be commenced within 40 years after the commission of the offense, and not after: (1) lewd and lascivious conduct under section 2601 of this title alleged to have been committed against a child under 18 years of age; (2) maiming under section 2701 of this title; (3) lewd or lascivious conduct with a child under section 2602 of this title; (4) sexual exploitation of children under chapter 64 of this title; (5) sexual abuse of a vulnerable adult under subsection 1379(b) of this title; (6) voyeurism involving photographing, filming, or recording under subsection 2605(c) of this title; (7) voyeurism involving display or disclosure of images to a third party under subsection 2605(e) of this title; (8) disclosure of sexually explicit images without consent under section 2606 of this title;", "volatility": "low", "from_batch": "445-vermont-privacy-and-image-law-for-creators", "subject": "13 V.S.A. § 4501", "topic": "Criminal limitation period for disclosure of sexually explicit images", "applies_to_country": "US", "applies_to_scope": "VT", "tags": { "lane": "any", "stage": "setting_up", "region": [ "us-vt" ], "platform": "any", "topic": [ "unclassified" ], "explicitness": "any" }, "verification": { "status": "unverified", "label": "Unverified - being checked", "reasons": [ "legal_fetch_over_cap" ], "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z" } }, { "id": "learn_r445_vermont_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_445_vermont_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_cyber1027", "category": "Safety", "title": "[Unverified - being checked] 13 V.S.A. § 1027: Disturbing the peace by electronic communication", "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] 13 V.S.A. 1027(a): a person who, with intent to terrify, intimidate, threaten, harass or annoy, makes electronic contact and makes an obscene, lewd, lascivious or indecent request or threat, or repeatedly disturbs a person's peace or privacy, is fined up to $250 or imprisoned up to three months (higher on a prior conviction).", "body": "13 V.S.A. 1027(a): a person who, with intent to terrify, intimidate, threaten, harass or annoy, makes electronic contact and makes an obscene, lewd, lascivious or indecent request or threat, or repeatedly disturbs a person's peace or privacy, is fined up to $250 or imprisoned up to three months (higher on a prior conviction).\n\nWhat Vermont General Assembly (Vermont Statutes Online) actually says:\n\n“A person who, with intent to terrify, intimidate, threaten, harass, or annoy, makes contact by means of a telephonic or other electronic communication with another and makes any request, suggestion, or proposal that is obscene, lewd, lascivious, or indecent; threatens to inflict injury or physical harm to the person or property of any person; or disturbs, or attempts to disturb, by repeated telephone calls or other electronic communications, whether or not conversation ensues, the peace, quiet, or right of privacy of any person at the place where the communication or communications are received shall be fined not more than $250.00 or be imprisoned not more than three months, or both.”\n\nNote: Vermont has no separately named 'sexual cyberharassment' statute in the sections read; 1027 and 2606 are the nearest.", "source_type": "official", "source_link": "https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/section/13/019/01027", "last_verified": "2026-10-19", "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE", "source_tier": "A", "source_publisher": "Vermont General Assembly (Vermont Statutes Online)", "evidence_quote": "A person who, with intent to terrify, intimidate, threaten, harass, or annoy, makes contact by means of a telephonic or other electronic communication with another and makes any request, suggestion, or proposal that is obscene, lewd, lascivious, or indecent; threatens to inflict injury or physical harm to the person or property of any person; or disturbs, or attempts to disturb, by repeated telephone calls or other electronic communications, whether or not conversation ensues, the peace, quiet, or right of privacy of any person at the place where the communication or communications are received shall be fined not more than $250.00 or be imprisoned not more than three months, or both.", "volatility": "low", "from_batch": "445-vermont-privacy-and-image-law-for-creators", "subject": "13 V.S.A. § 1027", "topic": "Disturbing the peace by electronic communication", "applies_to_country": "US", "applies_to_scope": "VT", "tags": { "lane": "any", "stage": "setting_up", "region": [ "us-vt" ], "platform": "any", "topic": [ "unclassified" ], "explicitness": "any" }, "verification": { "status": "unverified", "label": "Unverified - being checked", "reasons": [ "legal_fetch_over_cap" ], "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z" } }, { "id": "learn_r445_vermont_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_445_vermont_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_stalk_def", "category": "Safety", "title": "[Unverified - being checked] 13 V.S.A. § 1061: Stalking: definitions (course of conduct includes monitoring and surveilling)", "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] 13 V.S.A. 1061: stalking means engaging purposefully in a course of conduct directed at a specific person that the person knows or should know would cause a reasonable person to fear for safety or substantial emotional distress; course of conduct is two or more acts in which a person follows, monitors, surveils, threatens or interferes with property, directly or indirectly and by any method, device or means.", "body": "13 V.S.A. 1061: stalking means engaging purposefully in a course of conduct directed at a specific person that the person knows or should know would cause a reasonable person to fear for safety or substantial emotional distress; course of conduct is two or more acts in which a person follows, monitors, surveils, threatens or interferes with property, directly or indirectly and by any method, device or means.\n\nWhat Vermont General Assembly (Vermont Statutes Online) actually says:\n\n““Course of conduct” means two or more acts over a period of time, however short, in which a person follows, monitors, surveils, threatens, or makes threats about another person, or interferes with another person’s property. This definition shall apply to acts conducted by the person directly or indirectly, and by any action, method, device, or means.”\n\nNote: The 'any action, method, device, or means' wording reaches online monitoring.", "source_type": "official", "source_link": "https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/section/13/019/01061", "last_verified": "2026-10-19", "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE", "source_tier": "A", "source_publisher": "Vermont General Assembly (Vermont Statutes Online)", "evidence_quote": "“Course of conduct” means two or more acts over a period of time, however short, in which a person follows, monitors, surveils, threatens, or makes threats about another person, or interferes with another person’s property. This definition shall apply to acts conducted by the person directly or indirectly, and by any action, method, device, or means.", "volatility": "low", "from_batch": "445-vermont-privacy-and-image-law-for-creators", "subject": "13 V.S.A. § 1061", "topic": "Stalking: definitions (course of conduct includes monitoring and surveilling)", "applies_to_country": "US", "applies_to_scope": "VT", "tags": { "lane": "any", "stage": "setting_up", "region": [ "us-vt" ], "platform": "any", "topic": [ "unclassified" ], "explicitness": "any" }, "verification": { "status": "unverified", "label": "Unverified - being checked", "reasons": [ "legal_fetch_over_cap" ], "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z" } }, { "id": "learn_r445_vermont_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_445_vermont_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_stalk_pen", "category": "Safety", "title": "[Unverified - being checked] 13 V.S.A. § 1062: Stalking: penalty", "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] 13 V.S.A. 1062: a person who intentionally stalks another is imprisoned not more than two years or fined not more than $5,000, or both; aggravated stalking (1063) carries up to five years or $25,000.", "body": "13 V.S.A. 1062: a person who intentionally stalks another is imprisoned not more than two years or fined not more than $5,000, or both; aggravated stalking (1063) carries up to five years or $25,000.\n\nWhat Vermont General Assembly (Vermont Statutes Online) actually says:\n\n“Any person who intentionally stalks another person shall be imprisoned not more than two years or fined not more than $5,000.00, or both.”", "source_type": "official", "source_link": "https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/section/13/019/01062", "last_verified": "2026-10-19", "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE", "source_tier": "A", "source_publisher": "Vermont General Assembly (Vermont Statutes Online)", "evidence_quote": "Any person who intentionally stalks another person shall be imprisoned not more than two years or fined not more than $5,000.00, or both.", "volatility": "low", "from_batch": "445-vermont-privacy-and-image-law-for-creators", "subject": "13 V.S.A. § 1062", "topic": "Stalking: penalty", "applies_to_country": "US", "applies_to_scope": "VT", "tags": { "lane": "any", "stage": "setting_up", "region": [ "us-vt" ], "platform": "any", "topic": [ "unclassified" ], "explicitness": "any" }, "verification": { "status": "failed", "label": "Unverified - being checked", "reasons": [ "hollow_body", "strong_label_on_weak_content" ], "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z" } }, { "id": "learn_r445_vermont_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_445_vermont_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_acp_1152", "category": "Safety", "title": "[Unverified - being checked] 15 V.S.A. § 1152: Safe at Home address confidentiality: who may apply", "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] 15 V.S.A. 1152(a): an adult, or a parent or guardian on behalf of a minor or incapacitated person, may apply to the Secretary of State to have an address designated by the Secretary serve as the person's address; the applicant must swear to being a victim of domestic violence, sexual assault, stalking or human trafficking, or to providing or obtaining reproductive or gender-affirming health care in Vermont.", "body": "15 V.S.A. 1152(a): an adult, or a parent or guardian on behalf of a minor or incapacitated person, may apply to the Secretary of State to have an address designated by the Secretary serve as the person's address; the applicant must swear to being a victim of domestic violence, sexual assault, stalking or human trafficking, or to providing or obtaining reproductive or gender-affirming health care in Vermont.\n\nWhat Vermont General Assembly (Vermont Statutes Online) actually says:\n\n“An adult person, a parent, or a legal guardian acting on behalf of a minor or a legal guardian acting on behalf of an incapacitated person may apply to the Secretary of State to have an address designated by the Secretary serve as the person’s address or the address of the minor or incapacitated person. The Secretary of State shall approve an application if it is filed in the manner and on the form prescribed by the Secretary of State, and if it contains: (1) a statement made under oath by the applicant that: (A) the applicant, or the minor or incapacitated person on whose behalf the application is made: (i) is a victim of domestic violence, sexual assault, stalking, or human trafficking; or (ii) is a person providing, assisting another person in obtaining, or obtaining for themselves reproductive health care services or gender-affirming health care services in this State;”\n\nNote: Administered by the Secretary of State. Certification length is set in later subsections, not quoted here.", "source_type": "official", "source_link": "https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/section/15/021/01152", "last_verified": "2026-10-19", "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE", "source_tier": "A", "source_publisher": "Vermont General Assembly (Vermont Statutes Online)", "evidence_quote": "An adult person, a parent, or a legal guardian acting on behalf of a minor or a legal guardian acting on behalf of an incapacitated person may apply to the Secretary of State to have an address designated by the Secretary serve as the person’s address or the address of the minor or incapacitated person. The Secretary of State shall approve an application if it is filed in the manner and on the form prescribed by the Secretary of State, and if it contains: (1) a statement made under oath by the applicant that: (A) the applicant, or the minor or incapacitated person on whose behalf the application is made: (i) is a victim of domestic violence, sexual assault, stalking, or human trafficking; or (ii) is a person providing, assisting another person in obtaining, or obtaining for themselves reproductive health care services or gender-affirming health care services in this State;", "volatility": "low", "from_batch": "445-vermont-privacy-and-image-law-for-creators", "subject": "15 V.S.A. § 1152", "topic": "Safe at Home address confidentiality: who may apply", "applies_to_country": "US", "applies_to_scope": "VT", "tags": { "lane": "any", "stage": "setting_up", "region": [ "us-vt" ], "platform": "any", "topic": [ "unclassified" ], "explicitness": "any" }, "verification": { "status": "unverified", "label": "Unverified - being checked", "reasons": [ "legal_fetch_over_cap" ], "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z" } }, { "id": "learn_r445_vermont_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_445_vermont_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_acp_1154", "category": "Safety", "title": "[Unverified - being checked] 15 V.S.A. § 1154: Safe at Home: agencies must accept the substitute address", "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] 15 V.S.A. 1154(a): a Program participant shall ask State and local agencies other than law enforcement to use the substitute address, and when creating a new public record those agencies shall accept it unless the Secretary has granted a waiver on stated grounds.", "body": "15 V.S.A. 1154(a): a Program participant shall ask State and local agencies other than law enforcement to use the substitute address, and when creating a new public record those agencies shall accept it unless the Secretary has granted a waiver on stated grounds.\n\nWhat Vermont General Assembly (Vermont Statutes Online) actually says:\n\n“A Program participant shall request that State and local agencies, other than law enforcement agencies, use the substitute address as the participant’s address. When creating a new public record, State and local agencies, other than law enforcement agencies, shall accept the substitute address, unless the Secretary has determined that:”\n\nNote: Whether a business filing with the Secretary of State may use the substitute address is not stated in the sections read.", "source_type": "official", "source_link": "https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/section/15/021/01154", "last_verified": "2026-10-19", "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE", "source_tier": "A", "source_publisher": "Vermont General Assembly (Vermont Statutes Online)", "evidence_quote": "A Program participant shall request that State and local agencies, other than law enforcement agencies, use the substitute address as the participant’s address. When creating a new public record, State and local agencies, other than law enforcement agencies, shall accept the substitute address, unless the Secretary has determined that:", "volatility": "low", "from_batch": "445-vermont-privacy-and-image-law-for-creators", "subject": "15 V.S.A. § 1154", "topic": "Safe at Home: agencies must accept the substitute address", "applies_to_country": "US", "applies_to_scope": "VT", "tags": { "lane": "any", "stage": "setting_up", "region": [ "us-vt" ], "platform": "any", "topic": [ "unclassified" ], "explicitness": "any" }, "verification": { "status": "unverified", "label": "Unverified - being checked", "reasons": [ "legal_fetch_over_cap" ], "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z" } }, { "id": "learn_r445_vermont_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_445_vermont_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_acp_1155", "category": "Safety", "title": "[Unverified - being checked] 15 V.S.A. § 1155: Safe at Home: disclosure of the actual address prohibited", "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] 15 V.S.A. 1155(a): the Secretary of State may not make a participant's actual address available for inspection or copying except to law enforcement for a law enforcement purpose, under court order, or to verify participation.", "body": "15 V.S.A. 1155(a): the Secretary of State may not make a participant's actual address available for inspection or copying except to law enforcement for a law enforcement purpose, under court order, or to verify participation.\n\nWhat Vermont General Assembly (Vermont Statutes Online) actually says:\n\n“The Secretary of State may not make a Program participant’s address, other than the address designated by the Secretary, available for inspection or copying, except under the following circumstances: (1) if requested by a law enforcement agency for a law enforcement purpose as defined in subdivision 1151(5) of this title; or (2) if directed by a court order to a person identified in the order; or (3) to verify the participation of a specific Program participant, in which case the Secretary may only confirm information supplied by the requester.”", "source_type": "official", "source_link": "https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/section/15/021/01155", "last_verified": "2026-10-19", "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE", "source_tier": "A", "source_publisher": "Vermont General Assembly (Vermont Statutes Online)", "evidence_quote": "The Secretary of State may not make a Program participant’s address, other than the address designated by the Secretary, available for inspection or copying, except under the following circumstances: (1) if requested by a law enforcement agency for a law enforcement purpose as defined in subdivision 1151(5) of this title; or (2) if directed by a court order to a person identified in the order; or (3) to verify the participation of a specific Program participant, in which case the Secretary may only confirm information supplied by the requester.", "volatility": "low", "from_batch": "445-vermont-privacy-and-image-law-for-creators", "subject": "15 V.S.A. § 1155", "topic": "Safe at Home: disclosure of the actual address prohibited", "applies_to_country": "US", "applies_to_scope": "VT", "tags": { "lane": "any", "stage": "setting_up", "region": [ "us-vt" ], "platform": "any", "topic": [ "unclassified" ], "explicitness": "any" }, "verification": { "status": "failed", "label": "Unverified - being checked", "reasons": [ "hollow_body", "strong_label_on_weak_content" ], "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z" } }, { "id": "learn_r445_vermont_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_445_vermont_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_acp_sos", "category": "Safety", "title": "[Unverified - being checked] Safe at Home is run by the Secretary of State", "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] The Secretary of State's own announcement describing the Safe at Home address confidentiality program (run by that office) states that the program allows participants use a substitute address for mail and when creating records with state or local government agencies.", "body": "The Secretary of State's own announcement describing the Safe at Home address confidentiality program (run by that office) states that the program allows participants use a substitute address for mail and when creating records with state or local government agencies.\n\nWhat Vermont Secretary of State actually says:\n\n“The program allows participants to use a substitute address for receiving mail and when creating records with state or local government agencies.”\n\nNote: The page uses HTML entities for curly quotes elsewhere; the quote was cut from a span without them.", "source_type": "official", "source_link": "https://sos.vermont.gov/node/856", "last_verified": "2026-10-19", "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE", "source_tier": "A", "source_publisher": "Vermont Secretary of State", "evidence_quote": "The program allows participants to use a substitute address for receiving mail and when creating records with state or local government agencies.", "volatility": "medium", "from_batch": "445-vermont-privacy-and-image-law-for-creators", "subject": "Vermont Secretary of State Safe at Home", "topic": "Safe at Home is run by the Secretary of State", "applies_to_country": "US", "applies_to_scope": "VT", "tags": { "lane": "any", "stage": "setting_up", "region": [ "us-vt" ], "platform": "any", "topic": [ "unclassified" ], "explicitness": "any" }, "verification": { "status": "unverified", "label": "Unverified - being checked", "reasons": [ "legal_fetch_over_cap" ], "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z" } }, { "id": "learn_r445_vermont_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_445_vermont_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_publicity", "category": "Safety", "title": "[Unverified - being checked] No Vermont statute creating a right of publicity or misappropriation of name or likeness found", "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] No section of the Vermont Statutes Online read creates a statutory right of publicity or a statutory civil action for misappropriating a name or likeness for commercial use.", "body": "No section of the Vermont Statutes Online read creates a statutory right of publicity or a statutory civil action for misappropriating a name or likeness for commercial use.\n\nWhat Vermont General Assembly (Vermont Statutes Online) actually says:\n\n“Chapter 023 : Limitation of Time for Commencement of Actions”\n\nNote: ABSENCE RECORD (inferred from an index/listing or page that does not mention it, not from operative text). Opened the Title 12 (Court Procedure) and Title 13 indexes and the chapter 23 limitation page on 2026-10-19; looked for the terms publicity, likeness, misappropriation. Searched only Titles 12 and 13 headings, not every title; common-law privacy torts, which Vermont courts may recognise, are not in the statutes and were not searched.", "source_type": "official", "source_link": "https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/chapter/12/023", "last_verified": "2026-10-19", "reliability": "CREATOR STRATEGY", "source_tier": "A", "source_publisher": "Vermont General Assembly (Vermont Statutes Online)", "evidence_quote": "Chapter 023 : Limitation of Time for Commencement of Actions", "volatility": "medium", "from_batch": "445-vermont-privacy-and-image-law-for-creators", "subject": "Vermont right of publicity", "topic": "No Vermont statute creating a right of publicity or misappropriation of name or likeness found", "applies_to_country": "US", "applies_to_scope": "VT", "tags": { "lane": "any", "stage": "setting_up", "region": [ "us-vt" ], "platform": "any", "topic": [ "unclassified" ], "explicitness": "any" }, "verification": { "status": "unverified", "label": "Unverified - being checked", "reasons": [ "legal_fetch_over_cap" ], "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z" } }, { "id": "learn_r445_vermont_privacy_and_image_law_for_creators_vt_anchorsite", "category": "Safety", "title": "[Unverified - being checked] Vermont: statutory code index", "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] Vermont's statutes are published on the official Vermont General Assembly site at legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/ listing 33 titles including Title 13, Crimes and Criminal Procedure.", "body": "Vermont's statutes are published on the official Vermont General Assembly site at legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/ listing 33 titles including Title 13, Crimes and Criminal Procedure.\n\nWhat Vermont General Assembly actually says:\n\n“Title 13 : Crimes and Criminal Procedure”\n\nNote: Anchor record.", "source_type": "official", "source_link": "https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/", "last_verified": "2026-10-17", "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE", "source_tier": "A", "source_publisher": "Vermont General Assembly", "evidence_quote": "Title 13 : Crimes and Criminal Procedure", "volatility": "low", "from_batch": "445-vermont-privacy-and-image-law-for-creators", "subject": "Vermont", "topic": "statutory code index", "applies_to_country": "us-vt", "tags": { "lane": "any", "stage": "any", "region": [ "us-vt" ], "platform": "any", "topic": [ "safety.legal" ], "explicitness": "any" }, "verification": { "status": "failed", "label": "Unverified - being checked", "reasons": [ "hollow_body", "strong_label_on_weak_content" ], "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z" } } ] }