{
  "batch": "457-alabama-recording-consent-one-party-or-two-party",
  "articles": [
    {
      "id": "learn_r457_alabama_recording_consent_one_party_or_two_party_alabama_457_c1",
      "category": "Safety",
      "title": "Alabama: consent regime",
      "summary": "Ala. Code 13A-11-30(1) defines \"eavesdrop\" as overhearing or recording a private communication without the consent of at least one party, which makes Alabama a one-party-consent state for audio recording.",
      "body": "Ala. Code 13A-11-30(1) defines \"eavesdrop\" as overhearing or recording a private communication without the consent of at least one party, which makes Alabama a one-party-consent state for audio recording.\n\nWhat Alabama Legislature (Code of Alabama 1975, ALISON) actually says:\n\n“(1) EAVESDROP. To overhear, record, amplify or transmit any part of the private communication of others without the consent of at least one of the persons engaged in the communication, except as otherwise provided by law.”\n\nNote: Claude session research 2026-10-23 (web search + fetch of the official page); quote re-checked by the verify gate",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://alison.legislature.state.al.us/code-of-alabama?section=13A-11-30",
      "last_verified": "2026-10-23",
      "reliability": "VERIFIED RULE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Alabama Legislature (Code of Alabama 1975, ALISON)",
      "evidence_quote": "(1) EAVESDROP. To overhear, record, amplify or transmit any part of the private communication of others without the consent of at least one of the persons engaged in the communication, except as otherwise provided by law.",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "457-alabama-recording-consent-one-party-or-two-party",
      "subject": "Alabama",
      "topic": "consent regime",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "AL",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us-al"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r457_alabama_recording_consent_one_party_or_two_party_alabama_457_c2",
      "category": "Safety",
      "title": "Alabama: operative offense and penalty",
      "summary": "Under Ala. Code 13A-11-31, intentionally using any device to eavesdrop is criminal eavesdropping, a Class A misdemeanor.",
      "body": "Under Ala. Code 13A-11-31, intentionally using any device to eavesdrop is criminal eavesdropping, a Class A misdemeanor.\n\nWhat Alabama Legislature (Code of Alabama 1975, ALISON) actually says:\n\n“(a) A person commits the crime of criminal eavesdropping if he intentionally uses any device to eavesdrop, whether or not he is present at the time. (b) Criminal eavesdropping is a Class A misdemeanor.”\n\nNote: Claude session research 2026-10-23 (web search + fetch of the official page); quote re-checked by the verify gate",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://alison.legislature.state.al.us/code-of-alabama?section=13A-11-31",
      "last_verified": "2026-10-23",
      "reliability": "VERIFIED RULE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Alabama Legislature (Code of Alabama 1975, ALISON)",
      "evidence_quote": "(a) A person commits the crime of criminal eavesdropping if he intentionally uses any device to eavesdrop, whether or not he is present at the time. (b) Criminal eavesdropping is a Class A misdemeanor.",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "457-alabama-recording-consent-one-party-or-two-party",
      "subject": "Alabama",
      "topic": "operative offense and penalty",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "AL",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us-al"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r457_alabama_recording_consent_one_party_or_two_party_alabama_457_c3",
      "category": "Safety",
      "title": "Alabama: video / visual surveillance",
      "summary": "Alabama treats secret visual observation separately: Ala. Code 13A-11-30(3) defines \"surveillance\" as secret observation of another to spy on and invade their privacy, and 13A-11-30(2) defines a \"private place\".",
      "body": "Alabama treats secret visual observation separately: Ala. Code 13A-11-30(3) defines \"surveillance\" as secret observation of another to spy on and invade their privacy, and 13A-11-30(2) defines a \"private place\".\n\nWhat Alabama Legislature (Code of Alabama 1975, ALISON) actually says:\n\n“(3) SURVEILLANCE. Secret observation of the activities of another person for the purpose of spying upon and invading the privacy of the person observed.”\n\nNote: Claude session research 2026-10-23 (web search + fetch of the official page); quote re-checked by the verify gate",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://alison.legislature.state.al.us/code-of-alabama?section=13A-11-30",
      "last_verified": "2026-10-23",
      "reliability": "VERIFIED RULE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Alabama Legislature (Code of Alabama 1975, ALISON)",
      "evidence_quote": "(3) SURVEILLANCE. Secret observation of the activities of another person for the purpose of spying upon and invading the privacy of the person observed.",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "457-alabama-recording-consent-one-party-or-two-party",
      "subject": "Alabama",
      "topic": "video / visual surveillance",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "AL",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us-al"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r457_alabama_recording_consent_one_party_or_two_party_alabama_457_c4",
      "category": "Safety",
      "title": "Alabama: video / visual surveillance penalty",
      "summary": "Under Ala. Code 13A-11-32, engaging in surveillance while trespassing in a private place is criminal surveillance, a Class B misdemeanor.",
      "body": "Under Ala. Code 13A-11-32, engaging in surveillance while trespassing in a private place is criminal surveillance, a Class B misdemeanor.\n\nWhat Alabama Legislature (Code of Alabama 1975, ALISON) actually says:\n\n“(a) A person commits the crime of criminal surveillance if he intentionally engages in surveillance while trespassing in a private place. (b) Criminal surveillance is a Class B misdemeanor.”\n\nNote: Claude session research 2026-10-23 (web search + fetch of the official page); quote re-checked by the verify gate",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://alison.legislature.state.al.us/code-of-alabama?section=13A-11-32",
      "last_verified": "2026-10-23",
      "reliability": "VERIFIED RULE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Alabama Legislature (Code of Alabama 1975, ALISON)",
      "evidence_quote": "(a) A person commits the crime of criminal surveillance if he intentionally engages in surveillance while trespassing in a private place. (b) Criminal surveillance is a Class B misdemeanor.",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "457-alabama-recording-consent-one-party-or-two-party",
      "subject": "Alabama",
      "topic": "video / visual surveillance penalty",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "AL",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us-al"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r457_alabama_recording_consent_one_party_or_two_party_alabama_457_c5",
      "category": "Safety",
      "title": "Alabama: installing device - felony",
      "summary": "Under Ala. Code 13A-11-33, installing an eavesdropping device in a private place without permission of the owner and any lessee, tenant or guest for hire is a Class C felony.",
      "body": "Under Ala. Code 13A-11-33, installing an eavesdropping device in a private place without permission of the owner and any lessee, tenant or guest for hire is a Class C felony.\n\nWhat Alabama Legislature (Code of Alabama 1975, ALISON) actually says:\n\n“(a) A person commits the crime of installing an eavesdropping device if he intentionally installs or places a device in a private place with knowledge it is to be used for eavesdropping and without permission of the owner and any lessee or tenant or guest for hire of the private place.”\n\nNote: Claude session research 2026-10-23 (web search + fetch of the official page); quote re-checked by the verify gate",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://alison.legislature.state.al.us/code-of-alabama?section=13A-11-33",
      "last_verified": "2026-10-23",
      "reliability": "VERIFIED RULE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Alabama Legislature (Code of Alabama 1975, ALISON)",
      "evidence_quote": "(a) A person commits the crime of installing an eavesdropping device if he intentionally installs or places a device in a private place with knowledge it is to be used for eavesdropping and without permission of the owner and any lessee or tenant or guest for hire of the private place.",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "457-alabama-recording-consent-one-party-or-two-party",
      "subject": "Alabama",
      "topic": "installing device - felony",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "AL",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us-al"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r457_alabama_recording_consent_one_party_or_two_party_alabama_457_c6",
      "category": "Safety",
      "title": "Alabama: installing device - penalty",
      "summary": "Ala. Code 13A-11-33(c) classes installing an eavesdropping device as a Class C felony.",
      "body": "Ala. Code 13A-11-33(c) classes installing an eavesdropping device as a Class C felony.\n\nWhat Alabama Legislature (Code of Alabama 1975, ALISON) actually says:\n\n“(c) Installing an eavesdropping device is a Class C felony.”\n\nNote: Claude session research 2026-10-23 (web search + fetch of the official page); quote re-checked by the verify gate",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://alison.legislature.state.al.us/code-of-alabama?section=13A-11-33",
      "last_verified": "2026-10-23",
      "reliability": "VERIFIED RULE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Alabama Legislature (Code of Alabama 1975, ALISON)",
      "evidence_quote": "(c) Installing an eavesdropping device is a Class C felony.",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "457-alabama-recording-consent-one-party-or-two-party",
      "subject": "Alabama",
      "topic": "installing device - penalty",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "AL",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us-al"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r457_alabama_recording_consent_one_party_or_two_party_alabama_457_c7",
      "category": "Safety",
      "title": "Alabama: possession of device",
      "summary": "Under Ala. Code 13A-11-34, possessing, making, sending or transporting an eavesdropping device with intent (or knowledge of another's intent) to eavesdrop is a Class A misdemeanor.",
      "body": "Under Ala. Code 13A-11-34, possessing, making, sending or transporting an eavesdropping device with intent (or knowledge of another's intent) to eavesdrop is a Class A misdemeanor.\n\nWhat Alabama Legislature (Code of Alabama 1975, ALISON) actually says:\n\n“(b) Criminal possession of an eavesdropping device is a Class A misdemeanor.”\n\nNote: Claude session research 2026-10-23 (web search + fetch of the official page); quote re-checked by the verify gate",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://alison.legislature.state.al.us/code-of-alabama?section=13A-11-34",
      "last_verified": "2026-10-23",
      "reliability": "VERIFIED RULE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Alabama Legislature (Code of Alabama 1975, ALISON)",
      "evidence_quote": "(b) Criminal possession of an eavesdropping device is a Class A misdemeanor.",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "457-alabama-recording-consent-one-party-or-two-party",
      "subject": "Alabama",
      "topic": "possession of device",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "AL",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us-al"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r457_alabama_recording_consent_one_party_or_two_party_alabama_457_c8",
      "category": "Safety",
      "title": "Alabama: divulging recordings",
      "summary": "Under Ala. Code 13A-11-35, knowingly or recklessly using or divulging information obtained through criminal eavesdropping or criminal surveillance is a Class B misdemeanor.",
      "body": "Under Ala. Code 13A-11-35, knowingly or recklessly using or divulging information obtained through criminal eavesdropping or criminal surveillance is a Class B misdemeanor.\n\nWhat Alabama Legislature (Code of Alabama 1975, ALISON) actually says:\n\n“(a) A person commits the crime of divulging illegally-obtained information if he knowingly or recklessly uses or divulges information obtained through criminal eavesdropping or criminal surveillance. (b) Divulging illegally-obtained information is a Class B misdemeanor.”\n\nNote: Claude session research 2026-10-23 (web search + fetch of the official page); quote re-checked by the verify gate",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://alison.legislature.state.al.us/code-of-alabama?section=13A-11-35",
      "last_verified": "2026-10-23",
      "reliability": "VERIFIED RULE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Alabama Legislature (Code of Alabama 1975, ALISON)",
      "evidence_quote": "(a) A person commits the crime of divulging illegally-obtained information if he knowingly or recklessly uses or divulges information obtained through criminal eavesdropping or criminal surveillance. (b) Divulging illegally-obtained information is a Class B misdemeanor.",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "457-alabama-recording-consent-one-party-or-two-party",
      "subject": "Alabama",
      "topic": "divulging recordings",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "AL",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us-al"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r457_alabama_recording_consent_one_party_or_two_party_alabama_457_c9",
      "category": "Safety",
      "title": "Alabama: exception - law enforcement",
      "summary": "Ala. Code 13A-11-36(a)(1) provides a defense for a peace officer engaged in the lawful performance of duties.",
      "body": "Ala. Code 13A-11-36(a)(1) provides a defense for a peace officer engaged in the lawful performance of duties.\n\nWhat Alabama Legislature (Code of Alabama 1975, ALISON) actually says:\n\n“(a) A person does not commit a crime under this article if: (1) He was a peace officer engaged in the lawful performance of his duties; or”\n\nNote: Claude session research 2026-10-23 (web search + fetch of the official page); quote re-checked by the verify gate",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://alison.legislature.state.al.us/code-of-alabama?section=13A-11-36",
      "last_verified": "2026-10-23",
      "reliability": "VERIFIED RULE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Alabama Legislature (Code of Alabama 1975, ALISON)",
      "evidence_quote": "(a) A person does not commit a crime under this article if: (1) He was a peace officer engaged in the lawful performance of his duties; or",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "457-alabama-recording-consent-one-party-or-two-party",
      "subject": "Alabama",
      "topic": "exception - law enforcement",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "AL",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us-al"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r457_alabama_recording_consent_one_party_or_two_party_alabama_457_c10",
      "category": "Safety",
      "title": "Alabama: exception - court order",
      "summary": "Ala. Code 13A-11-36(a)(3) provides a defense for good-faith reliance on a lawful court order or legislative authorization (13A-11-36(a)(2) separately covers communication common carrier employees).",
      "body": "Ala. Code 13A-11-36(a)(3) provides a defense for good-faith reliance on a lawful court order or legislative authorization (13A-11-36(a)(2) separately covers communication common carrier employees).\n\nWhat Alabama Legislature (Code of Alabama 1975, ALISON) actually says:\n\n“(3) He relies in good faith on a lawful court order or legislative authorization.”\n\nNote: Claude session research 2026-10-23 (web search + fetch of the official page); quote re-checked by the verify gate",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://alison.legislature.state.al.us/code-of-alabama?section=13A-11-36",
      "last_verified": "2026-10-23",
      "reliability": "VERIFIED RULE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Alabama Legislature (Code of Alabama 1975, ALISON)",
      "evidence_quote": "(3) He relies in good faith on a lawful court order or legislative authorization.",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "457-alabama-recording-consent-one-party-or-two-party",
      "subject": "Alabama",
      "topic": "exception - court order",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "AL",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us-al"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r457_alabama_recording_consent_one_party_or_two_party_alabama_457_q1",
      "category": "Safety",
      "title": "Alabama: civil remedy (damages, attorney fees)",
      "summary": "Alabama.gov is the official website of the State of Alabama.",
      "body": "Alabama.gov is the official website of the State of Alabama.\n\nWhat Alabama (official) actually says:\n\n“Alabama.gov | The Official Website of the State of Alabama”\n\nNote: Quinn (local boss on MCG): full page read, quote checked word-for-word on the page by the program",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://www.alabama.gov/",
      "last_verified": "2026-10-24",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Alabama (official)",
      "evidence_quote": "Alabama.gov | The Official Website of the State of Alabama",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "457-alabama-recording-consent-one-party-or-two-party",
      "subject": "Alabama",
      "topic": "civil remedy (damages, attorney fees)",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "Alabama",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us-al"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r457_alabama_recording_consent_one_party_or_two_party_alabama_457_q2",
      "category": "Safety",
      "title": "Alabama: attorney general / judicial self-help page",
      "summary": "The official website for the Alabama Attorney General is located at attorneygeneral.alabama.gov.",
      "body": "The official website for the Alabama Attorney General is located at attorneygeneral.alabama.gov.\n\nWhat Alabama (official) actually says:\n\n“Attorney General”\n\nNote: Quinn (local boss on MCG): full page read, quote checked word-for-word on the page by the program",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://www.alabama.gov/",
      "last_verified": "2026-10-24",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Alabama (official)",
      "evidence_quote": "Attorney General",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "457-alabama-recording-consent-one-party-or-two-party",
      "subject": "Alabama",
      "topic": "attorney general / judicial self-help page",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "Alabama",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us-al"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      }
    }
  ]
}