{
  "batch": "459-alabama-obscenity-and-distribution",
  "articles": [
    {
      "id": "learn_r459_alabama_obscenity_and_distribution_alabama_459_c1",
      "category": "Safety",
      "title": "Alabama: obscenity definition",
      "summary": "Ala. Code 13A-12-200.1(17) defines \"obscene\" with a three-part test: prurient appeal under community standards, patently offensive depiction of sexual conduct, and lack of serious literary, artistic, political or scientific value.",
      "body": "Ala. Code 13A-12-200.1(17) defines \"obscene\" with a three-part test: prurient appeal under community standards, patently offensive depiction of sexual conduct, and lack of serious literary, artistic, political or scientific value.\n\nWhat Alabama Legislature (Code of Alabama 1975, ALISON) actually says:\n\n“(17) OBSCENE. The term means that: a. The average person, applying contemporary community standards, would find that the material, taken as a whole, appeals to the prurient interest; and b. The material depicts or describes, in a patently offensive way, sexual conduct, actual or simulated, normal or perverted; and c. A reasonable person would find that the material, taken as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political or scientific value.”\n\nNote: Claude session research 2026-10-23 (web search + fetch of the official page); quote re-checked by the verify gate",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://alison.legislature.state.al.us/code-of-alabama?section=13A-12-200.1",
      "last_verified": "2026-10-23",
      "reliability": "VERIFIED RULE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Alabama Legislature (Code of Alabama 1975, ALISON)",
      "evidence_quote": "(17) OBSCENE. The term means that: a. The average person, applying contemporary community standards, would find that the material, taken as a whole, appeals to the prurient interest; and b. The material depicts or describes, in a patently offensive way, sexual conduct, actual or simulated, normal or perverted; and c. A reasonable person would find that the material, taken as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political or scientific value.",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "459-alabama-obscenity-and-distribution",
      "subject": "Alabama",
      "topic": "obscenity definition",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "AL",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us-al"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r459_alabama_obscenity_and_distribution_alabama_459_c2",
      "category": "Safety",
      "title": "Alabama: harmful to minors definition",
      "summary": "Ala. Code 13A-12-200.1(11) defines \"harmful to minors\" with a minors-adjusted three-part test.",
      "body": "Ala. Code 13A-12-200.1(11) defines \"harmful to minors\" with a minors-adjusted three-part test.\n\nWhat Alabama Legislature (Code of Alabama 1975, ALISON) actually says:\n\n“(11) HARMFUL TO MINORS. The term means: a. The average person, applying contemporary community standards, would find that the material, taken as a whole, appeals to the prurient interest of minors; and b. The material depicts or describes sexual conduct, breast nudity or genital nudity, in a way which is patently offensive to prevailing standards in the adult community with respect to what is suitable for minors; and c. A reasonable person would find that the material, taken as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political or scientific value for minors.”\n\nNote: Claude session research 2026-10-23 (web search + fetch of the official page); quote re-checked by the verify gate",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://alison.legislature.state.al.us/code-of-alabama?section=13A-12-200.1",
      "last_verified": "2026-10-23",
      "reliability": "VERIFIED RULE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Alabama Legislature (Code of Alabama 1975, ALISON)",
      "evidence_quote": "(11) HARMFUL TO MINORS. The term means: a. The average person, applying contemporary community standards, would find that the material, taken as a whole, appeals to the prurient interest of minors; and b. The material depicts or describes sexual conduct, breast nudity or genital nudity, in a way which is patently offensive to prevailing standards in the adult community with respect to what is suitable for minors; and c. A reasonable person would find that the material, taken as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political or scientific value for minors.",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "459-alabama-obscenity-and-distribution",
      "subject": "Alabama",
      "topic": "harmful to minors definition",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "AL",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us-al"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r459_alabama_obscenity_and_distribution_alabama_459_c3",
      "category": "Safety",
      "title": "Alabama: distribute includes transmission",
      "summary": "Ala. Code 13A-12-200.1(7) defines \"distribute\" broadly enough to include broadcasting and transmitting, which reaches online delivery.",
      "body": "Ala. Code 13A-12-200.1(7) defines \"distribute\" broadly enough to include broadcasting and transmitting, which reaches online delivery.\n\nWhat Alabama Legislature (Code of Alabama 1975, ALISON) actually says:\n\n“(7) DISTRIBUTE. To import, export, sell, rent, lend, transfer possession of or title to, display, exhibit, show, present, provide, broadcast, transmit, retransmit, communicate by telephone, play, orally communicate or perform.”\n\nNote: Claude session research 2026-10-23 (web search + fetch of the official page); quote re-checked by the verify gate",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://alison.legislature.state.al.us/code-of-alabama?section=13A-12-200.1",
      "last_verified": "2026-10-23",
      "reliability": "VERIFIED RULE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Alabama Legislature (Code of Alabama 1975, ALISON)",
      "evidence_quote": "(7) DISTRIBUTE. To import, export, sell, rent, lend, transfer possession of or title to, display, exhibit, show, present, provide, broadcast, transmit, retransmit, communicate by telephone, play, orally communicate or perform.",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "459-alabama-obscenity-and-distribution",
      "subject": "Alabama",
      "topic": "distribute includes transmission",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "AL",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us-al"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r459_alabama_obscenity_and_distribution_alabama_459_c4",
      "category": "Safety",
      "title": "Alabama: distribution/sale offense and penalty",
      "summary": "Ala. Code 13A-12-200.2(a)(1) bans knowingly distributing obscene material (or devices marketed primarily for genital stimulation) for anything of pecuniary value, without any age limit on the buyer; a first offense is a misdemeanor (fine up to $10,000, up to one year in jail) and a repeat offense is a Class C felony.",
      "body": "Ala. Code 13A-12-200.2(a)(1) bans knowingly distributing obscene material (or devices marketed primarily for genital stimulation) for anything of pecuniary value, without any age limit on the buyer; a first offense is a misdemeanor (fine up to $10,000, up to one year in jail) and a repeat offense is a Class C felony.\n\nWhat Alabama Legislature (Code of Alabama 1975, ALISON) actually says:\n\n“Any person who violates this subsection shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction, shall be punished by a fine of not more than ten thousand dollars ($10,000) and may also be imprisoned in the county jail or sentenced to hard labor for the county for not more than one year. A second or subsequent violation of this subdivision is a Class C felony if the second or subsequent violation occurs after a conviction has been obtained for a previous violation.”\n\nNote: Claude session research 2026-10-23 (web search + fetch of the official page); quote re-checked by the verify gate",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://alison.legislature.state.al.us/code-of-alabama?section=13A-12-200.2",
      "last_verified": "2026-10-23",
      "reliability": "VERIFIED RULE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Alabama Legislature (Code of Alabama 1975, ALISON)",
      "evidence_quote": "Any person who violates this subsection shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction, shall be punished by a fine of not more than ten thousand dollars ($10,000) and may also be imprisoned in the county jail or sentenced to hard labor for the county for not more than one year. A second or subsequent violation of this subdivision is a Class C felony if the second or subsequent violation occurs after a conviction has been obtained for a previous violation.",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "459-alabama-obscenity-and-distribution",
      "subject": "Alabama",
      "topic": "distribution/sale offense and penalty",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "AL",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us-al"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r459_alabama_obscenity_and_distribution_alabama_459_c5",
      "category": "Safety",
      "title": "Alabama: distribution offense elements",
      "summary": "The operative prohibition in Ala. Code 13A-12-200.2(a)(1) covers distributing, possessing with intent to distribute, or offering to distribute obscene material for anything of pecuniary value.",
      "body": "The operative prohibition in Ala. Code 13A-12-200.2(a)(1) covers distributing, possessing with intent to distribute, or offering to distribute obscene material for anything of pecuniary value.\n\nWhat Alabama Legislature (Code of Alabama 1975, ALISON) actually says:\n\n“(a)(1) It shall be unlawful for any person to knowingly distribute, possess with intent to distribute, or offer or agree to distribute any obscene material or any device designed or marketed as useful primarily for the stimulation of human genital organs for any thing of pecuniary value.”\n\nNote: Claude session research 2026-10-23 (web search + fetch of the official page); quote re-checked by the verify gate",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://alison.legislature.state.al.us/code-of-alabama?section=13A-12-200.2",
      "last_verified": "2026-10-23",
      "reliability": "VERIFIED RULE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Alabama Legislature (Code of Alabama 1975, ALISON)",
      "evidence_quote": "(a)(1) It shall be unlawful for any person to knowingly distribute, possess with intent to distribute, or offer or agree to distribute any obscene material or any device designed or marketed as useful primarily for the stimulation of human genital organs for any thing of pecuniary value.",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "459-alabama-obscenity-and-distribution",
      "subject": "Alabama",
      "topic": "distribution offense elements",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "AL",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us-al"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r459_alabama_obscenity_and_distribution_alabama_459_c6",
      "category": "Safety",
      "title": "Alabama: public dissemination / advertising",
      "summary": "Ala. Code 13A-12-200.3 makes procuring or writing advertisements for obscene material, or publicly disseminating it, a misdemeanor punishable by a fine up to $10,000 and up to one year in jail.",
      "body": "Ala. Code 13A-12-200.3 makes procuring or writing advertisements for obscene material, or publicly disseminating it, a misdemeanor punishable by a fine up to $10,000 and up to one year in jail.\n\nWhat Alabama Legislature (Code of Alabama 1975, ALISON) actually says:\n\n“It shall be unlawful for any person to knowingly procure or write advertisement for obscene material or disseminate publicly any obscene material. Any person who violates this subsection shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction, shall be punished by a fine of not more than ten thousand dollars ($10,000) and may also be imprisoned in the county jail for not more than one year.”\n\nNote: Claude session research 2026-10-23 (web search + fetch of the official page); quote re-checked by the verify gate",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://alison.legislature.state.al.us/code-of-alabama?section=13A-12-200.3",
      "last_verified": "2026-10-23",
      "reliability": "VERIFIED RULE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Alabama Legislature (Code of Alabama 1975, ALISON)",
      "evidence_quote": "It shall be unlawful for any person to knowingly procure or write advertisement for obscene material or disseminate publicly any obscene material. Any person who violates this subsection shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction, shall be punished by a fine of not more than ten thousand dollars ($10,000) and may also be imprisoned in the county jail for not more than one year.",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "459-alabama-obscenity-and-distribution",
      "subject": "Alabama",
      "topic": "public dissemination / advertising",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "AL",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us-al"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r459_alabama_obscenity_and_distribution_alabama_459_c7",
      "category": "Safety",
      "title": "Alabama: affirmative defense",
      "summary": "Ala. Code 13A-12-200.4 provides an affirmative defense for acts done for bona fide medical, scientific, educational, legislative, judicial or law enforcement purposes.",
      "body": "Ala. Code 13A-12-200.4 provides an affirmative defense for acts done for bona fide medical, scientific, educational, legislative, judicial or law enforcement purposes.\n\nWhat Alabama Legislature (Code of Alabama 1975, ALISON) actually says:\n\n“It shall be an affirmative defense to a charge of violating Sections 13A-12-200.2 and 13A-12-200.3 that the act charged was done for a bona fide medical, scientific, educational, legislative, judicial, or law enforcement purpose.”\n\nNote: Claude session research 2026-10-23 (web search + fetch of the official page); quote re-checked by the verify gate",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://alison.legislature.state.al.us/code-of-alabama?section=13A-12-200.4",
      "last_verified": "2026-10-23",
      "reliability": "VERIFIED RULE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Alabama Legislature (Code of Alabama 1975, ALISON)",
      "evidence_quote": "It shall be an affirmative defense to a charge of violating Sections 13A-12-200.2 and 13A-12-200.3 that the act charged was done for a bona fide medical, scientific, educational, legislative, judicial, or law enforcement purpose.",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "459-alabama-obscenity-and-distribution",
      "subject": "Alabama",
      "topic": "affirmative defense",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "AL",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us-al"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r459_alabama_obscenity_and_distribution_alabama_459_c8",
      "category": "Safety",
      "title": "Alabama: harmful to minors distribution",
      "summary": "Ala. Code 13A-12-200.5(1) makes knowingly or recklessly distributing material harmful to minors to a minor a misdemeanor (fine up to $10,000, up to one year in jail).",
      "body": "Ala. Code 13A-12-200.5(1) makes knowingly or recklessly distributing material harmful to minors to a minor a misdemeanor (fine up to $10,000, up to one year in jail).\n\nWhat Alabama Legislature (Code of Alabama 1975, ALISON) actually says:\n\n“(1) It shall be unlawful for any person to knowingly or recklessly distribute to a minor, possess with intent to distribute to a minor, or offer or agree to distribute to a minor any material which is harmful to minors. Any person who violates this subsection shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction, shall be punished by a fine of not more than ten thousand dollars ($10,000) and may also be imprisoned in the county jail for not more than one year.”\n\nNote: Claude session research 2026-10-23 (web search + fetch of the official page); quote re-checked by the verify gate",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://alison.legislature.state.al.us/code-of-alabama?section=13A-12-200.5",
      "last_verified": "2026-10-23",
      "reliability": "VERIFIED RULE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Alabama Legislature (Code of Alabama 1975, ALISON)",
      "evidence_quote": "(1) It shall be unlawful for any person to knowingly or recklessly distribute to a minor, possess with intent to distribute to a minor, or offer or agree to distribute to a minor any material which is harmful to minors. Any person who violates this subsection shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction, shall be punished by a fine of not more than ten thousand dollars ($10,000) and may also be imprisoned in the county jail for not more than one year.",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "459-alabama-obscenity-and-distribution",
      "subject": "Alabama",
      "topic": "harmful to minors distribution",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "AL",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us-al"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r459_alabama_obscenity_and_distribution_alabama_459_c9",
      "category": "Safety",
      "title": "Alabama: online age verification",
      "summary": "Ala. Code 8-19G-3(a) requires a commercial entity that knowingly publishes or distributes sexual material harmful to minors through an adult website to use a reasonable age-verification method.",
      "body": "Ala. Code 8-19G-3(a) requires a commercial entity that knowingly publishes or distributes sexual material harmful to minors through an adult website to use a reasonable age-verification method.\n\nWhat Alabama Legislature (Code of Alabama 1975, ALISON) actually says:\n\n“(a) Any commercial entity that knowingly and intentionally publishes or distributes sexual material harmful to minors through an adult website shall use a reasonable age-verification method to provide reasonable assurance that individuals under 18 years of age cannot access the material harmful to minors.”\n\nNote: Claude session research 2026-10-23 (web search + fetch of the official page); quote re-checked by the verify gate",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://alison.legislature.state.al.us/code-of-alabama?section=8-19G-3",
      "last_verified": "2026-10-23",
      "reliability": "VERIFIED RULE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Alabama Legislature (Code of Alabama 1975, ALISON)",
      "evidence_quote": "(a) Any commercial entity that knowingly and intentionally publishes or distributes sexual material harmful to minors through an adult website shall use a reasonable age-verification method to provide reasonable assurance that individuals under 18 years of age cannot access the material harmful to minors.",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "459-alabama-obscenity-and-distribution",
      "subject": "Alabama",
      "topic": "online age verification",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "AL",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us-al"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r459_alabama_obscenity_and_distribution_alabama_459_c10",
      "category": "Safety",
      "title": "Alabama: adult website definition",
      "summary": "Ala. Code 8-19G-2(1) and (10) define an \"adult website\" as one where a substantial portion (more than 33 1/3 percent) of content is sexual material harmful to minors.",
      "body": "Ala. Code 8-19G-2(1) and (10) define an \"adult website\" as one where a substantial portion (more than 33 1/3 percent) of content is sexual material harmful to minors.\n\nWhat Alabama Legislature (Code of Alabama 1975, ALISON) actually says:\n\n“(1) ADULT WEBSITE. A website, application, or digital or virtual platform that uses the Internet to facilitate the dissemination of pictures, videos, or other content, a substantial portion of which is sexual material harmful to minors.”\n\nNote: Claude session research 2026-10-23 (web search + fetch of the official page); quote re-checked by the verify gate",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://alison.legislature.state.al.us/code-of-alabama?section=8-19G-2",
      "last_verified": "2026-10-23",
      "reliability": "VERIFIED RULE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Alabama Legislature (Code of Alabama 1975, ALISON)",
      "evidence_quote": "(1) ADULT WEBSITE. A website, application, or digital or virtual platform that uses the Internet to facilitate the dissemination of pictures, videos, or other content, a substantial portion of which is sexual material harmful to minors.",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "459-alabama-obscenity-and-distribution",
      "subject": "Alabama",
      "topic": "adult website definition",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "AL",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us-al"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r459_alabama_obscenity_and_distribution_alabama_459_c11",
      "category": "Safety",
      "title": "Alabama: age verification civil penalty",
      "summary": "Ala. Code 8-19G-6 gives injured individuals a civil action for actual and punitive damages and attorney fees, and lets the Attorney General recover a civil penalty up to $10,000 per violation.",
      "body": "Ala. Code 8-19G-6 gives injured individuals a civil action for actual and punitive damages and attorney fees, and lets the Attorney General recover a civil penalty up to $10,000 per violation.\n\nWhat Alabama Legislature (Code of Alabama 1975, ALISON) actually says:\n\n“(c) Upon a finding by the court that a violation of Section 8-19G-3, Section 8-19G-8, or Section 8-19G-9 has occurred, the Attorney General, upon petition to the court, may recover a civil penalty up to ten thousand dollars ($10,000) per violation.”\n\nNote: Claude session research 2026-10-23 (web search + fetch of the official page); quote re-checked by the verify gate",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://alison.legislature.state.al.us/code-of-alabama?section=8-19G-6",
      "last_verified": "2026-10-23",
      "reliability": "VERIFIED RULE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Alabama Legislature (Code of Alabama 1975, ALISON)",
      "evidence_quote": "(c) Upon a finding by the court that a violation of Section 8-19G-3, Section 8-19G-8, or Section 8-19G-9 has occurred, the Attorney General, upon petition to the court, may recover a civil penalty up to ten thousand dollars ($10,000) per violation.",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "459-alabama-obscenity-and-distribution",
      "subject": "Alabama",
      "topic": "age verification civil penalty",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "AL",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us-al"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r459_alabama_obscenity_and_distribution_alabama_459_q1",
      "category": "Safety",
      "title": "Alabama: attorney general civil-enforcement guidance / judicial self-help page",
      "summary": "The official website of the State of Alabama provides a link to the Attorney General's office.",
      "body": "The official website of the State of Alabama provides a link to the Attorney General's office.\n\nWhat Alabama (official) actually says:\n\n“Attorney General”\n\nNote: Quinn (local boss on MCG): full page read, quote checked word-for-word on the page by the program",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://www.alabama.gov/",
      "last_verified": "2026-10-24",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Alabama (official)",
      "evidence_quote": "Attorney General",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "459-alabama-obscenity-and-distribution",
      "subject": "Alabama",
      "topic": "attorney general civil-enforcement guidance / judicial self-help page",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "Alabama",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us-al"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      }
    }
  ]
}