{
  "batch": "853-vermont-recording-consent-one-party-or-two-party",
  "articles": [
    {
      "id": "learn_r853_vermont_recording_consent_one_party_or_two_party_853_vermont_recording_consent_one_party_or_two_party_anchor_",
      "category": "Safety",
      "title": "[Unverified - being checked] Vermont Statutes Online: Title 13 chapter 232 heading (anchor)",
      "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] The Vermont General Assembly's official Vermont Statutes Online publishes 13 V.S.A. chapter 232 under the heading quoted. Chapter 232 regulates government access to electronic communications.",
      "body": "The Vermont General Assembly's official Vermont Statutes Online publishes 13 V.S.A. chapter 232 under the heading quoted. Chapter 232 regulates government access to electronic communications.\n\nWhat Vermont General Assembly (Vermont Statutes Online) actually says:\n\n“Chapter 232 : Vermont Electronic Communication Privacy Act”\n\nNote: Anchor record: the legislature's own statute site, legislature.vermont.gov (state domain).",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/chapter/13/232",
      "last_verified": "2026-10-19",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Vermont General Assembly (Vermont Statutes Online)",
      "evidence_quote": "Chapter 232 : Vermont Electronic Communication Privacy Act",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "853-vermont-recording-consent-one-party-or-two-party",
      "subject": "Vermont Statutes Online",
      "topic": "Title 13 chapter 232 heading (anchor)",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "VT",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "setting_up",
        "region": [
          "us-vt"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      },
      "verification": {
        "status": "unverified",
        "label": "Unverified - being checked",
        "reasons": [
          "legal_fetch_over_cap"
        ],
        "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r853_vermont_recording_consent_one_party_or_two_party_853_vermont_recording_consent_one_party_or_two_party_record_",
      "category": "Safety",
      "title": "[Unverified - being checked] No Vermont statute sets a one-party or all-party consent rule for private audio recording",
      "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] Vermont's Title 13 has no general wiretap or eavesdropping statute governing private persons recording a conversation; chapter 232 (Vermont Electronic Communication Privacy Act) is addressed to government entities and law enforcement, so the Vermont statutes do not settle one-party versus all-party consent.",
      "body": "Vermont's Title 13 has no general wiretap or eavesdropping statute governing private persons recording a conversation; chapter 232 (Vermont Electronic Communication Privacy Act) is addressed to government entities and law enforcement, so the Vermont statutes do not settle one-party versus all-party consent.\n\nWhat Vermont General Assembly (Vermont Statutes Online) actually says:\n\n“Vermont Electronic Communication Privacy Act”\n\nNote: ABSENCE RECORD (inferred from an index/listing or page that does not mention it, not from operative text). Read the whole Title 13 chapter index on 2026-10-19 (terms looked for: wiretap, intercept, eavesdrop, record, surveillance) plus 13 V.S.A. chapter 87 (computer crimes), chapter 232 sections 8101 and 8108 and section 2605(d). Searched only Title 13 and chapter 232; other titles (for example Title 12 or Title 18) were not searched. The text of chapter 232 is limited to government entities.",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/title/13",
      "last_verified": "2026-10-19",
      "reliability": "CREATOR STRATEGY",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Vermont General Assembly (Vermont Statutes Online)",
      "evidence_quote": "Vermont Electronic Communication Privacy Act",
      "volatility": "medium",
      "from_batch": "853-vermont-recording-consent-one-party-or-two-party",
      "subject": "Vermont recording consent",
      "topic": "No Vermont statute sets a one-party or all-party consent rule for private audio recording",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "VT",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "setting_up",
        "region": [
          "us-vt"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      },
      "verification": {
        "status": "unverified",
        "label": "Unverified - being checked",
        "reasons": [
          "legal_fetch_over_cap"
        ],
        "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r853_vermont_recording_consent_one_party_or_two_party_853_vermont_recording_consent_one_party_or_two_party_ecpa_sc",
      "category": "Safety",
      "title": "[Unverified - being checked] 13 V.S.A. § 8101: Electronic Communication Privacy Act: 'government entity' defined",
      "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] 13 V.S.A. 8101(5): in Vermont's Electronic Communication Privacy Act a 'government entity' is a department or agency of the State or a political subdivision, or an individual acting for it; the chapter regulates government access, not private recording.",
      "body": "13 V.S.A. 8101(5): in Vermont's Electronic Communication Privacy Act a 'government entity' is a department or agency of the State or a political subdivision, or an individual acting for it; the chapter regulates government access, not private recording.\n\nWhat Vermont General Assembly (Vermont Statutes Online) actually says:\n\n““Government entity” means a department or agency of the State or a political subdivision thereof, or an individual acting for or on behalf of the State or a political subdivision thereof.”",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/section/13/232/08101",
      "last_verified": "2026-10-19",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Vermont General Assembly (Vermont Statutes Online)",
      "evidence_quote": "“Government entity” means a department or agency of the State or a political subdivision thereof, or an individual acting for or on behalf of the State or a political subdivision thereof.",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "853-vermont-recording-consent-one-party-or-two-party",
      "subject": "13 V.S.A. § 8101",
      "topic": "Electronic Communication Privacy Act: 'government entity' defined",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "VT",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "setting_up",
        "region": [
          "us-vt"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      },
      "verification": {
        "status": "failed",
        "label": "Unverified - being checked",
        "reasons": [
          "hollow_body",
          "strong_label_on_weak_content"
        ],
        "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r853_vermont_recording_consent_one_party_or_two_party_853_vermont_recording_consent_one_party_or_two_party_ecpa_81",
      "category": "Safety",
      "title": "[Unverified - being checked] 13 V.S.A. § 8108: Real-time interception: law enforcement only",
      "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] 13 V.S.A. 8108 forbids a law enforcement officer from using a device to intercept communication content in real time, except to locate a fugitive; it does not address private persons.",
      "body": "13 V.S.A. 8108 forbids a law enforcement officer from using a device to intercept communication content in real time, except to locate a fugitive; it does not address private persons.\n\nWhat Vermont General Assembly (Vermont Statutes Online) actually says:\n\n“A law enforcement officer shall not use a device that via radio or other electromagnetic wireless signal intercepts in real time from a user’s device a transmission of communication content, real time cellular tower-derived location information, or real time GPS-derived location information, except for purposes of locating and apprehending a fugitive for whom an arrest warrant has been issued.”",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/section/13/232/08108",
      "last_verified": "2026-10-19",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Vermont General Assembly (Vermont Statutes Online)",
      "evidence_quote": "A law enforcement officer shall not use a device that via radio or other electromagnetic wireless signal intercepts in real time from a user’s device a transmission of communication content, real time cellular tower-derived location information, or real time GPS-derived location information, except for purposes of locating and apprehending a fugitive for whom an arrest warrant has been issued.",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "853-vermont-recording-consent-one-party-or-two-party",
      "subject": "13 V.S.A. § 8108",
      "topic": "Real-time interception: law enforcement only",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "VT",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "setting_up",
        "region": [
          "us-vt"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      },
      "verification": {
        "status": "failed",
        "label": "Unverified - being checked",
        "reasons": [
          "hollow_body",
          "strong_label_on_weak_content"
        ],
        "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r853_vermont_recording_consent_one_party_or_two_party_853_vermont_recording_consent_one_party_or_two_party_v_film",
      "category": "Safety",
      "title": "[Unverified - being checked] 13 V.S.A. § 2605: Voyeurism: unlawful photographing, filming or recording",
      "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] 13 V.S.A. 2605(c): no person shall intentionally photograph, film or record in any format a person engaged in sexual conduct without that person's knowledge and consent while in a place or circumstances with a reasonable expectation of privacy.",
      "body": "13 V.S.A. 2605(c): no person shall intentionally photograph, film or record in any format a person engaged in sexual conduct without that person's knowledge and consent while in a place or circumstances with a reasonable expectation of privacy.\n\nWhat Vermont General Assembly (Vermont Statutes Online) actually says:\n\n“No person shall intentionally photograph, film, or record in any format: (1) the intimate areas of another person without that person’s knowledge and consent while the person being photographed, filmed, or recorded is in a place where the person would have a reasonable expectation of privacy or under circumstances in which the person has a reasonable expectation of privacy; or (2) a person engaged in sexual conduct without that person’s knowledge and consent while the person being photographed, filmed, or recorded is in a place where the person would have a reasonable expectation of privacy or under circumstances in which the person has a reasonable expectation of privacy.”\n\nNote: Knowledge and consent of the person filmed is the element; filming with consent is outside the section. Consent does not carry over to later disclosure (see 2606(b)(2)).",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/section/13/059/02605",
      "last_verified": "2026-10-19",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Vermont General Assembly (Vermont Statutes Online)",
      "evidence_quote": "No person shall intentionally photograph, film, or record in any format: (1) the intimate areas of another person without that person’s knowledge and consent while the person being photographed, filmed, or recorded is in a place where the person would have a reasonable expectation of privacy or under circumstances in which the person has a reasonable expectation of privacy; or (2) a person engaged in sexual conduct without that person’s knowledge and consent while the person being photographed, filmed, or recorded is in a place where the person would have a reasonable expectation of privacy or under circumstances in which the person has a reasonable expectation of privacy.",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "853-vermont-recording-consent-one-party-or-two-party",
      "subject": "13 V.S.A. § 2605",
      "topic": "Voyeurism: unlawful photographing, filming or recording",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "VT",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "setting_up",
        "region": [
          "us-vt"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      },
      "verification": {
        "status": "unverified",
        "label": "Unverified - being checked",
        "reasons": [
          "legal_fetch_over_cap"
        ],
        "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r853_vermont_recording_consent_one_party_or_two_party_853_vermont_recording_consent_one_party_or_two_party_v_home",
      "category": "Safety",
      "title": "[Unverified - being checked] 13 V.S.A. § 2605: Voyeurism: covert surveillance or recording inside a home",
      "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] 13 V.S.A. 2605(d): no person shall intentionally conduct surveillance or photograph, film or record a person without their knowledge and consent while the person is in a place with a reasonable expectation of privacy within a home or residence.",
      "body": "13 V.S.A. 2605(d): no person shall intentionally conduct surveillance or photograph, film or record a person without their knowledge and consent while the person is in a place with a reasonable expectation of privacy within a home or residence.\n\nWhat Vermont General Assembly (Vermont Statutes Online) actually says:\n\n“No person shall intentionally conduct surveillance or intentionally photograph, film, or record in any format a person without that person’s knowledge and consent while the person being surveilled, photographed, filmed, or recorded is in a place where the person would have a reasonable expectation of privacy within a home or residence.”",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/section/13/059/02605",
      "last_verified": "2026-10-19",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Vermont General Assembly (Vermont Statutes Online)",
      "evidence_quote": "No person shall intentionally conduct surveillance or intentionally photograph, film, or record in any format a person without that person’s knowledge and consent while the person being surveilled, photographed, filmed, or recorded is in a place where the person would have a reasonable expectation of privacy within a home or residence.",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "853-vermont-recording-consent-one-party-or-two-party",
      "subject": "13 V.S.A. § 2605",
      "topic": "Voyeurism: covert surveillance or recording inside a home",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "VT",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "setting_up",
        "region": [
          "us-vt"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      },
      "verification": {
        "status": "failed",
        "label": "Unverified - being checked",
        "reasons": [
          "hollow_body",
          "strong_label_on_weak_content"
        ],
        "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r853_vermont_recording_consent_one_party_or_two_party_853_vermont_recording_consent_one_party_or_two_party_v_pen",
      "category": "Safety",
      "title": "[Unverified - being checked] 13 V.S.A. § 2605: Voyeurism: penalties",
      "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] 13 V.S.A. 2605(j): a first offence against a victim 18 or older is up to two years or $1,000; a second offence up to three years or $5,000; disclosure under (e) is up to five years or $5,000.",
      "body": "13 V.S.A. 2605(j): a first offence against a victim 18 or older is up to two years or $1,000; a second offence up to three years or $5,000; disclosure under (e) is up to five years or $5,000.\n\nWhat Vermont General Assembly (Vermont Statutes Online) actually says:\n\n“For a first offense involving a victim who is 18 years of age or older, a person who violates subsection (b), (c), or (d) of this section shall be imprisoned not more than two years or fined not more than $1,000.00, or both. For a second or subsequent offense involving a victim who is 18 years of age or older, a person who violates subsection (b), (c), or (d) of this section shall be imprisoned not more than three years or fined not more than $5,000.00, or both.”",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/section/13/059/02605",
      "last_verified": "2026-10-19",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Vermont General Assembly (Vermont Statutes Online)",
      "evidence_quote": "For a first offense involving a victim who is 18 years of age or older, a person who violates subsection (b), (c), or (d) of this section shall be imprisoned not more than two years or fined not more than $1,000.00, or both. For a second or subsequent offense involving a victim who is 18 years of age or older, a person who violates subsection (b), (c), or (d) of this section shall be imprisoned not more than three years or fined not more than $5,000.00, or both.",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "853-vermont-recording-consent-one-party-or-two-party",
      "subject": "13 V.S.A. § 2605",
      "topic": "Voyeurism: penalties",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "VT",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "setting_up",
        "region": [
          "us-vt"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      },
      "verification": {
        "status": "failed",
        "label": "Unverified - being checked",
        "reasons": [
          "hollow_body",
          "strong_label_on_weak_content"
        ],
        "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r853_vermont_recording_consent_one_party_or_two_party_853_vermont_recording_consent_one_party_or_two_party_no_pena",
      "category": "Safety",
      "title": "[Unverified - being checked] No treble-damages or attorney-fee remedy for private recording found",
      "summary": "[Unverified - being checked] No Vermont statute read provides treble damages or attorney fees for recording a conversation; the civil remedy in 13 V.S.A. 2605(k) is limited to display or disclosure of an image recorded in violation of 2605(c).",
      "body": "No Vermont statute read provides treble damages or attorney fees for recording a conversation; the civil remedy in 13 V.S.A. 2605(k) is limited to display or disclosure of an image recorded in violation of 2605(c).\n\nWhat Vermont General Assembly (Vermont Statutes Online) actually says:\n\n“A plaintiff shall have a private cause of action against a defendant who intentionally displays or discloses to a third party an image recorded in violation of subsection (c)”\n\nNote: ABSENCE RECORD (inferred from an index/listing or page that does not mention it, not from operative text). Read 13 V.S.A. 2605 and chapters 87 and 232 on 2026-10-19. Searched only those chapters.",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/section/13/059/02605",
      "last_verified": "2026-10-19",
      "reliability": "CREATOR STRATEGY",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Vermont General Assembly (Vermont Statutes Online)",
      "evidence_quote": "A plaintiff shall have a private cause of action against a defendant who intentionally displays or discloses to a third party an image recorded in violation of subsection (c)",
      "volatility": "medium",
      "from_batch": "853-vermont-recording-consent-one-party-or-two-party",
      "subject": "Vermont civil remedies for recording",
      "topic": "No treble-damages or attorney-fee remedy for private recording found",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "VT",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "setting_up",
        "region": [
          "us-vt"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      },
      "verification": {
        "status": "unverified",
        "label": "Unverified - being checked",
        "reasons": [
          "legal_fetch_over_cap"
        ],
        "checked_utc": "20261021-123916Z"
      }
    }
  ]
}