{ "batch": "862-virginia-recording-consent-one-party-or-two-party", "articles": [ { "id": "learn_r862_virginia_recording_consent_one_party_or_two_party_virginia_862_c1", "category": "Safety", "title": "Virginia: anchor", "summary": "ANCHOR: Code of Virginia Title 19.2 (Criminal Procedure) index on the Virginia LIS law site; wiretap law is Chapter 6 (19.2-61 et seq.).", "body": "ANCHOR: Code of Virginia Title 19.2 (Criminal Procedure) index on the Virginia LIS law site; wiretap law is Chapter 6 (19.2-61 et seq.).\n\nWhat Virginia General Assembly, Legislative Information System (Code of Virginia) actually says:\n\n“Title 19.2. Criminal Procedure”\n\nNote: Claude session research 2026-10-23 (web search + fetch of the official page); quote re-checked by the verify gate", "source_type": "official", "source_link": "https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title19.2/", "last_verified": "2026-10-23", "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE", "source_tier": "A", "source_publisher": "Virginia General Assembly, Legislative Information System (Code of Virginia)", "evidence_quote": "Title 19.2. Criminal Procedure", "volatility": "low", "from_batch": "862-virginia-recording-consent-one-party-or-two-party", "subject": "Virginia", "topic": "anchor", "applies_to_country": "US", "applies_to_scope": "VA", "tags": { "lane": "any", "stage": "any", "region": [ "us-va" ], "platform": "any", "topic": [ "unclassified" ], "explicitness": "any" } }, { "id": "learn_r862_virginia_recording_consent_one_party_or_two_party_virginia_862_c2", "category": "Safety", "title": "Virginia: offence and penalty class", "summary": "Va. Code 19.2-62(A): intentional interception, use or disclosure of wire, electronic or oral communications is a Class 6 felony.", "body": "Va. Code 19.2-62(A): intentional interception, use or disclosure of wire, electronic or oral communications is a Class 6 felony.\n\nWhat Virginia General Assembly, Legislative Information System (Code of Virginia) actually says:\n\n“shall be guilty of a Class 6 felony.”\n\nNote: Claude session research 2026-10-23 (web search + fetch of the official page); quote re-checked by the verify gate", "source_type": "official", "source_link": "https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title19.2/chapter6/section19.2-62/", "last_verified": "2026-10-23", "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE", "source_tier": "A", "source_publisher": "Virginia General Assembly, Legislative Information System (Code of Virginia)", "evidence_quote": "shall be guilty of a Class 6 felony.", "volatility": "low", "from_batch": "862-virginia-recording-consent-one-party-or-two-party", "subject": "Virginia", "topic": "offence and penalty class", "applies_to_country": "US", "applies_to_scope": "VA", "tags": { "lane": "any", "stage": "any", "region": [ "us-va" ], "platform": "any", "topic": [ "unclassified" ], "explicitness": "any" } }, { "id": "learn_r862_virginia_recording_consent_one_party_or_two_party_virginia_862_c3", "category": "Safety", "title": "Virginia: consent regime (one-party)", "summary": "Virginia is a one-party consent state: 19.2-62(B)(2) exempts interception by a party or where one party gave prior consent.", "body": "Virginia is a one-party consent state: 19.2-62(B)(2) exempts interception by a party or where one party gave prior consent.\n\nWhat Virginia General Assembly, Legislative Information System (Code of Virginia) actually says:\n\n“It shall not be a criminal offense under this chapter for a person to intercept a wire, electronic or oral communication, where such person is a party to the communication or one of the parties to the communication has given prior consent to such interception.”\n\nNote: Claude session research 2026-10-23 (web search + fetch of the official page); quote re-checked by the verify gate", "source_type": "official", "source_link": "https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title19.2/chapter6/section19.2-62/", "last_verified": "2026-10-23", "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE", "source_tier": "A", "source_publisher": "Virginia General Assembly, Legislative Information System (Code of Virginia)", "evidence_quote": "It shall not be a criminal offense under this chapter for a person to intercept a wire, electronic or oral communication, where such person is a party to the communication or one of the parties to the communication has given prior consent to such interception.", "volatility": "low", "from_batch": "862-virginia-recording-consent-one-party-or-two-party", "subject": "Virginia", "topic": "consent regime (one-party)", "applies_to_country": "US", "applies_to_scope": "VA", "tags": { "lane": "any", "stage": "any", "region": [ "us-va" ], "platform": "any", "topic": [ "unclassified" ], "explicitness": "any" } }, { "id": "learn_r862_virginia_recording_consent_one_party_or_two_party_virginia_862_c4", "category": "Safety", "title": "Virginia: provider exception", "summary": "19.2-62(B)(1) exempts switchboard operators and provider employees in the normal course of employment.", "body": "19.2-62(B)(1) exempts switchboard operators and provider employees in the normal course of employment.\n\nWhat Virginia General Assembly, Legislative Information System (Code of Virginia) actually says:\n\n“It shall not be unlawful under this chapter for an operator of a switchboard, or an officer, employee or agent of a provider of wire or electronic communications service”\n\nNote: Claude session research 2026-10-23 (web search + fetch of the official page); quote re-checked by the verify gate", "source_type": "official", "source_link": "https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title19.2/chapter6/section19.2-62/", "last_verified": "2026-10-23", "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE", "source_tier": "A", "source_publisher": "Virginia General Assembly, Legislative Information System (Code of Virginia)", "evidence_quote": "It shall not be unlawful under this chapter for an operator of a switchboard, or an officer, employee or agent of a provider of wire or electronic communications service", "volatility": "low", "from_batch": "862-virginia-recording-consent-one-party-or-two-party", "subject": "Virginia", "topic": "provider exception", "applies_to_country": "US", "applies_to_scope": "VA", "tags": { "lane": "any", "stage": "any", "region": [ "us-va" ], "platform": "any", "topic": [ "unclassified" ], "explicitness": "any" } }, { "id": "learn_r862_virginia_recording_consent_one_party_or_two_party_virginia_862_c5", "category": "Safety", "title": "Virginia: public-access exception", "summary": "19.2-62(B)(3)(a) exempts intercepting electronic communications readily accessible to the general public.", "body": "19.2-62(B)(3)(a) exempts intercepting electronic communications readily accessible to the general public.\n\nWhat Virginia General Assembly, Legislative Information System (Code of Virginia) actually says:\n\n“To intercept or access an electronic communication made through an electronic communication system that is configured so that such electronic communication is readily accessible to the general public;”\n\nNote: Claude session research 2026-10-23 (web search + fetch of the official page); quote re-checked by the verify gate", "source_type": "official", "source_link": "https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title19.2/chapter6/section19.2-62/", "last_verified": "2026-10-23", "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE", "source_tier": "A", "source_publisher": "Virginia General Assembly, Legislative Information System (Code of Virginia)", "evidence_quote": "To intercept or access an electronic communication made through an electronic communication system that is configured so that such electronic communication is readily accessible to the general public;", "volatility": "low", "from_batch": "862-virginia-recording-consent-one-party-or-two-party", "subject": "Virginia", "topic": "public-access exception", "applies_to_country": "US", "applies_to_scope": "VA", "tags": { "lane": "any", "stage": "any", "region": [ "us-va" ], "platform": "any", "topic": [ "unclassified" ], "explicitness": "any" } }, { "id": "learn_r862_virginia_recording_consent_one_party_or_two_party_virginia_862_c6", "category": "Safety", "title": "Virginia: oral communication definition", "summary": "Va. Code 19.2-61 protects oral communications uttered with a justified expectation of non-interception.", "body": "Va. Code 19.2-61 protects oral communications uttered with a justified expectation of non-interception.\n\nWhat Virginia General Assembly, Legislative Information System (Code of Virginia) actually says:\n\n“\"Oral communication\" means any oral communication uttered by a person exhibiting an expectation that such communication is not subject to interception under circumstances justifying such expectations”\n\nNote: Claude session research 2026-10-23 (web search + fetch of the official page); quote re-checked by the verify gate", "source_type": "official", "source_link": "https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title19.2/chapter6/section19.2-61/", "last_verified": "2026-10-23", "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE", "source_tier": "A", "source_publisher": "Virginia General Assembly, Legislative Information System (Code of Virginia)", "evidence_quote": "\"Oral communication\" means any oral communication uttered by a person exhibiting an expectation that such communication is not subject to interception under circumstances justifying such expectations", "volatility": "low", "from_batch": "862-virginia-recording-consent-one-party-or-two-party", "subject": "Virginia", "topic": "oral communication definition", "applies_to_country": "US", "applies_to_scope": "VA", "tags": { "lane": "any", "stage": "any", "region": [ "us-va" ], "platform": "any", "topic": [ "unclassified" ], "explicitness": "any" } }, { "id": "learn_r862_virginia_recording_consent_one_party_or_two_party_virginia_862_c7", "category": "Safety", "title": "Virginia: video without audio (separate statute)", "summary": "Silent video is not governed by the wiretap chapter; Va. Code 18.2-386.1 separately prohibits creating nude/undressed images of a nonconsenting person where privacy is expected, a Class 1 misdemeanor.", "body": "Silent video is not governed by the wiretap chapter; Va. Code 18.2-386.1 separately prohibits creating nude/undressed images of a nonconsenting person where privacy is expected, a Class 1 misdemeanor.\n\nWhat Virginia General Assembly, Legislative Information System (Code of Virginia) actually says:\n\n“A violation of subsection A is a Class 1 misdemeanor.”\n\nNote: Claude session research 2026-10-23 (web search + fetch of the official page); quote re-checked by the verify gate", "source_type": "official", "source_link": "https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title18.2/chapter8/section18.2-386.1/", "last_verified": "2026-10-23", "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE", "source_tier": "A", "source_publisher": "Virginia General Assembly, Legislative Information System (Code of Virginia)", "evidence_quote": "A violation of subsection A is a Class 1 misdemeanor.", "volatility": "low", "from_batch": "862-virginia-recording-consent-one-party-or-two-party", "subject": "Virginia", "topic": "video without audio (separate statute)", "applies_to_country": "US", "applies_to_scope": "VA", "tags": { "lane": "any", "stage": "any", "region": [ "us-va" ], "platform": "any", "topic": [ "unclassified" ], "explicitness": "any" } }, { "id": "learn_r862_virginia_recording_consent_one_party_or_two_party_virginia_862_c8", "category": "Safety", "title": "Virginia: civil remedy", "summary": "Va. Code 19.2-69 gives a civil action with actual damages but not less than $400/day or $4,000, plus punitive damages and attorney fees.", "body": "Va. Code 19.2-69 gives a civil action with actual damages but not less than $400/day or $4,000, plus punitive damages and attorney fees.\n\nWhat Virginia General Assembly, Legislative Information System (Code of Virginia) actually says:\n\n“Actual damages but not less than liquidated damages computed at the rate of $400 a day for each day of violation or $4,000, whichever is higher”\n\nNote: Claude session research 2026-10-23 (web search + fetch of the official page); quote re-checked by the verify gate", "source_type": "official", "source_link": "https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title19.2/chapter6/section19.2-69/", "last_verified": "2026-10-23", "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE", "source_tier": "A", "source_publisher": "Virginia General Assembly, Legislative Information System (Code of Virginia)", "evidence_quote": "Actual damages but not less than liquidated damages computed at the rate of $400 a day for each day of violation or $4,000, whichever is higher", "volatility": "low", "from_batch": "862-virginia-recording-consent-one-party-or-two-party", "subject": "Virginia", "topic": "civil remedy", "applies_to_country": "US", "applies_to_scope": "VA", "tags": { "lane": "any", "stage": "any", "region": [ "us-va" ], "platform": "any", "topic": [ "unclassified" ], "explicitness": "any" } }, { "id": "learn_r862_virginia_recording_consent_one_party_or_two_party_virginia_862_c9", "category": "Safety", "title": "Virginia: civil remedy - punitive and fees", "summary": "19.2-69 also allows punitive damages and a reasonable attorney fee.", "body": "19.2-69 also allows punitive damages and a reasonable attorney fee.\n\nWhat Virginia General Assembly, Legislative Information System (Code of Virginia) actually says:\n\n“A reasonable attorney fee and other litigation costs reasonably incurred.”\n\nNote: Claude session research 2026-10-23 (web search + fetch of the official page); quote re-checked by the verify gate", "source_type": "official", "source_link": "https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title19.2/chapter6/section19.2-69/", "last_verified": "2026-10-23", "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE", "source_tier": "A", "source_publisher": "Virginia General Assembly, Legislative Information System (Code of Virginia)", "evidence_quote": "A reasonable attorney fee and other litigation costs reasonably incurred.", "volatility": "low", "from_batch": "862-virginia-recording-consent-one-party-or-two-party", "subject": "Virginia", "topic": "civil remedy - punitive and fees", "applies_to_country": "US", "applies_to_scope": "VA", "tags": { "lane": "any", "stage": "any", "region": [ "us-va" ], "platform": "any", "topic": [ "unclassified" ], "explicitness": "any" } }, { "id": "learn_r862_virginia_recording_consent_one_party_or_two_party_virginia_862_q1", "category": "Safety", "title": "Virginia: AG/judicial self-help page", "summary": "The judiciary of Virginia is the Supreme Court of Virginia.", "body": "The judiciary of Virginia is the Supreme Court of Virginia.\n\nWhat en.wikipedia.org actually says:\n\n“Judiciary\":{\"wt\":\"[[Supreme Court of Virginia]]\"}”\n\nNote: Quinn (local boss on MCG): full page read, quote checked word-for-word on the page by the program; tier/confidence conservative - the verify gate decides", "source_type": "research", "source_link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia", "last_verified": "2026-10-24", "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE", "source_tier": "B", "source_publisher": "en.wikipedia.org", "evidence_quote": "Judiciary\":{\"wt\":\"[[Supreme Court of Virginia]]\"}", "volatility": "medium", "from_batch": "862-virginia-recording-consent-one-party-or-two-party", "subject": "Virginia", "topic": "AG/judicial self-help page", "applies_to_country": "any", "tags": { "lane": "any", "stage": "any", "region": [ "any" ], "platform": "any", "topic": [ "unclassified" ], "explicitness": "any" } }, { "id": "learn_r862_virginia_recording_consent_one_party_or_two_party_virginia_862_q2", "category": "Safety", "title": "Virginia: AG/judicial self-help page", "summary": "Virginia residents can use the courts' online services to pay traffic tickets, get help with protective orders, check case status, calculate fees and more.", "body": "Virginia residents can use the courts' online services to pay traffic tickets, get help with protective orders, check case status, calculate fees and more.\n\nWhat Virginia (official) actually says:\n\n“Virginia residents can use the courts' online services to pay traffic tickets, get help with protective orders, check case status, calculate fees and more.”\n\nNote: Quinn (local boss on MCG): full page read, quote checked word-for-word on the page by the program", "source_type": "official", "source_link": "https://www.virginia.gov/state-government/", "last_verified": "2026-10-24", "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE", "source_tier": "A", "source_publisher": "Virginia (official)", "evidence_quote": "Virginia residents can use the courts' online services to pay traffic tickets, get help with protective orders, check case status, calculate fees and more.", "volatility": "low", "from_batch": "862-virginia-recording-consent-one-party-or-two-party", "subject": "Virginia", "topic": "AG/judicial self-help page", "applies_to_country": "US", "applies_to_scope": "Virginia", "tags": { "lane": "any", "stage": "any", "region": [ "us-va" ], "platform": "any", "topic": [ "unclassified" ], "explicitness": "any" } }, { "id": "learn_r862_virginia_recording_consent_one_party_or_two_party_virginia_862_q3", "category": "Safety", "title": "Virginia: AG/judicial self-help page", "summary": "The Virginia Attorney General's office is led by Jay Jones.", "body": "The Virginia Attorney General's office is led by Jay Jones.\n\nWhat Virginia (official) actually says:\n\n“oag.state.va.us Attorney General Jay Jones”\n\nNote: Quinn (local boss on MCG): full page read, quote checked word-for-word on the page by the program", "source_type": "official", "source_link": "https://www.virginia.gov/", "last_verified": "2026-10-24", "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE", "source_tier": "A", "source_publisher": "Virginia (official)", "evidence_quote": "oag.state.va.us Attorney General Jay Jones", "volatility": "low", "from_batch": "862-virginia-recording-consent-one-party-or-two-party", "subject": "Virginia", "topic": "AG/judicial self-help page", "applies_to_country": "US", "applies_to_scope": "Virginia", "tags": { "lane": "any", "stage": "any", "region": [ "us-va" ], "platform": "any", "topic": [ "unclassified" ], "explicitness": "any" } } ] }