{
  "batch": "865-virginia-revenge-porn-and-deepfake-laws",
  "articles": [
    {
      "id": "learn_r865_virginia_revenge_porn_and_deepfake_laws_virginia_865_c1",
      "category": "Safety",
      "title": "Virginia: anchor",
      "summary": "ANCHOR: Code of Virginia Title 18.2 (Crimes and Offenses Generally) index on the Virginia LIS law site.",
      "body": "ANCHOR: Code of Virginia Title 18.2 (Crimes and Offenses Generally) index on the Virginia LIS law site.\n\nWhat Virginia General Assembly, Legislative Information System (Code of Virginia) actually says:\n\n“Title 18.2. Crimes and Offenses Generally”\n\nNote: Claude session research 2026-10-23 (web search + fetch of the official page); quote re-checked by the verify gate",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title18.2/",
      "last_verified": "2026-10-23",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Virginia General Assembly, Legislative Information System (Code of Virginia)",
      "evidence_quote": "Title 18.2. Crimes and Offenses Generally",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "865-virginia-revenge-porn-and-deepfake-laws",
      "subject": "Virginia",
      "topic": "anchor",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "VA",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us-va"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r865_virginia_revenge_porn_and_deepfake_laws_virginia_865_c2",
      "category": "Safety",
      "title": "Virginia: criminal statute and class",
      "summary": "Va. Code 18.2-386.2 makes malicious dissemination or sale of nude or sexual images of another, with intent to coerce, harass or intimidate, a Class 1 misdemeanor.",
      "body": "Va. Code 18.2-386.2 makes malicious dissemination or sale of nude or sexual images of another, with intent to coerce, harass or intimidate, a Class 1 misdemeanor.\n\nWhat Virginia General Assembly, Legislative Information System (Code of Virginia) actually says:\n\n“where such person knows or has reason to know that he is not licensed or authorized to disseminate or sell such videographic or still image is guilty of a Class 1 misdemeanor.”\n\nNote: Claude session research 2026-10-23 (web search + fetch of the official page); quote re-checked by the verify gate",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title18.2/chapter8/section18.2-386.2/",
      "last_verified": "2026-10-23",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Virginia General Assembly, Legislative Information System (Code of Virginia)",
      "evidence_quote": "where such person knows or has reason to know that he is not licensed or authorized to disseminate or sell such videographic or still image is guilty of a Class 1 misdemeanor.",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "865-virginia-revenge-porn-and-deepfake-laws",
      "subject": "Virginia",
      "topic": "criminal statute and class",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "VA",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us-va"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r865_virginia_revenge_porn_and_deepfake_laws_virginia_865_c3",
      "category": "Safety",
      "title": "Virginia: elements",
      "summary": "The offense requires intent to coerce, harass, or intimidate and malicious dissemination or sale of a still or video image created by any means.",
      "body": "The offense requires intent to coerce, harass, or intimidate and malicious dissemination or sale of a still or video image created by any means.\n\nWhat Virginia General Assembly, Legislative Information System (Code of Virginia) actually says:\n\n“Any person who, with the intent to coerce, harass, or intimidate, maliciously disseminates or sells any videographic or still image created by any means whatsoever that depicts another person”\n\nNote: Claude session research 2026-10-23 (web search + fetch of the official page); quote re-checked by the verify gate",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title18.2/chapter8/section18.2-386.2/",
      "last_verified": "2026-10-23",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Virginia General Assembly, Legislative Information System (Code of Virginia)",
      "evidence_quote": "Any person who, with the intent to coerce, harass, or intimidate, maliciously disseminates or sells any videographic or still image created by any means whatsoever that depicts another person",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "865-virginia-revenge-porn-and-deepfake-laws",
      "subject": "Virginia",
      "topic": "elements",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "VA",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us-va"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r865_virginia_revenge_porn_and_deepfake_laws_virginia_865_c4",
      "category": "Safety",
      "title": "Virginia: AI / altered images coverage",
      "summary": "18.2-386.2(A) covers created, adapted or modified images of a recognizable actual person (deepfakes).",
      "body": "18.2-386.2(A) covers created, adapted or modified images of a recognizable actual person (deepfakes).\n\nWhat Virginia General Assembly, Legislative Information System (Code of Virginia) actually says:\n\n“\"another person\" includes a person whose image was used in creating, adapting, or modifying a videographic or still image with the intent to depict an actual person and who is recognizable as an actual person”\n\nNote: Claude session research 2026-10-23 (web search + fetch of the official page); quote re-checked by the verify gate",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title18.2/chapter8/section18.2-386.2/",
      "last_verified": "2026-10-23",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Virginia General Assembly, Legislative Information System (Code of Virginia)",
      "evidence_quote": "\"another person\" includes a person whose image was used in creating, adapting, or modifying a videographic or still image with the intent to depict an actual person and who is recognizable as an actual person",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "865-virginia-revenge-porn-and-deepfake-laws",
      "subject": "Virginia",
      "topic": "AI / altered images coverage",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "VA",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us-va"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r865_virginia_revenge_porn_and_deepfake_laws_virginia_865_c5",
      "category": "Safety",
      "title": "Virginia: website/ISP liability",
      "summary": "18.2-386.2(B) shields internet and information service providers from liability for content provided by another person (no takedown duty in the statute).",
      "body": "18.2-386.2(B) shields internet and information service providers from liability for content provided by another person (no takedown duty in the statute).\n\nWhat Virginia General Assembly, Legislative Information System (Code of Virginia) actually says:\n\n“such provider shall not be held responsible for violating this section for content provided by another person.”\n\nNote: Claude session research 2026-10-23 (web search + fetch of the official page); quote re-checked by the verify gate",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title18.2/chapter8/section18.2-386.2/",
      "last_verified": "2026-10-23",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Virginia General Assembly, Legislative Information System (Code of Virginia)",
      "evidence_quote": "such provider shall not be held responsible for violating this section for content provided by another person.",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "865-virginia-revenge-porn-and-deepfake-laws",
      "subject": "Virginia",
      "topic": "website/ISP liability",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "VA",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us-va"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r865_virginia_revenge_porn_and_deepfake_laws_virginia_865_c6",
      "category": "Safety",
      "title": "Virginia: civil cause of action",
      "summary": "Va. Code 8.01-40.4 lets a person injured by conduct under 18.2-386.1 or 18.2-386.2 recover compensatory and punitive damages and attorney fees, even without a criminal charge.",
      "body": "Va. Code 8.01-40.4 lets a person injured by conduct under 18.2-386.1 or 18.2-386.2 recover compensatory and punitive damages and attorney fees, even without a criminal charge.\n\nWhat Virginia General Assembly, Legislative Information System (Code of Virginia) actually says:\n\n“whether or not the individual has been charged with or convicted of the alleged violation, may sue therefor and recover compensatory damages, punitive damages, and reasonable attorney fees and costs.”\n\nNote: Claude session research 2026-10-23 (web search + fetch of the official page); quote re-checked by the verify gate",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title8.01/chapter3/section8.01-40.4/",
      "last_verified": "2026-10-23",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Virginia General Assembly, Legislative Information System (Code of Virginia)",
      "evidence_quote": "whether or not the individual has been charged with or convicted of the alleged violation, may sue therefor and recover compensatory damages, punitive damages, and reasonable attorney fees and costs.",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "865-virginia-revenge-porn-and-deepfake-laws",
      "subject": "Virginia",
      "topic": "civil cause of action",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "VA",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us-va"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r865_virginia_revenge_porn_and_deepfake_laws_virginia_865_c7",
      "category": "Safety",
      "title": "Virginia: civil limitation period",
      "summary": "Civil actions under 8.01-40.4 must be filed within two years of the later of the last act, the victim turning 18, or discovery.",
      "body": "Civil actions under 8.01-40.4 must be filed within two years of the later of the last act, the victim turning 18, or discovery.\n\nWhat Virginia General Assembly, Legislative Information System (Code of Virginia) actually says:\n\n“No action shall be commenced under this section more than two years after the later of”\n\nNote: Claude session research 2026-10-23 (web search + fetch of the official page); quote re-checked by the verify gate",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title8.01/chapter3/section8.01-40.4/",
      "last_verified": "2026-10-23",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Virginia General Assembly, Legislative Information System (Code of Virginia)",
      "evidence_quote": "No action shall be commenced under this section more than two years after the later of",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "865-virginia-revenge-porn-and-deepfake-laws",
      "subject": "Virginia",
      "topic": "civil limitation period",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "VA",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us-va"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r865_virginia_revenge_porn_and_deepfake_laws_virginia_865_c8",
      "category": "Safety",
      "title": "Virginia: criminal limitation period",
      "summary": "Va. Code 19.2-8: misdemeanor prosecutions under 18.2-386.1 or 18.2-386.2 must begin within five years of the offense or one year from discovery, whichever is later.",
      "body": "Va. Code 19.2-8: misdemeanor prosecutions under 18.2-386.1 or 18.2-386.2 must begin within five years of the offense or one year from discovery, whichever is later.\n\nWhat Virginia General Assembly, Legislative Information System (Code of Virginia) actually says:\n\n“shall be commenced within five years of the commission of the offense or within one year of the date the victim discovers the offense”\n\nNote: Claude session research 2026-10-23 (web search + fetch of the official page); quote re-checked by the verify gate",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title19.2/chapter1/section19.2-8/",
      "last_verified": "2026-10-23",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Virginia General Assembly, Legislative Information System (Code of Virginia)",
      "evidence_quote": "shall be commenced within five years of the commission of the offense or within one year of the date the victim discovers the offense",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "865-virginia-revenge-porn-and-deepfake-laws",
      "subject": "Virginia",
      "topic": "criminal limitation period",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "VA",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us-va"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r865_virginia_revenge_porn_and_deepfake_laws_virginia_865_c9",
      "category": "Safety",
      "title": "Virginia: right of publicity",
      "summary": "Va. Code 8.01-40 allows suit and damages (punitive if knowing) for use of a person's name, portrait, picture, voice or likeness for advertising or trade without written consent.",
      "body": "Va. Code 8.01-40 allows suit and damages (punitive if knowing) for use of a person's name, portrait, picture, voice or likeness for advertising or trade without written consent.\n\nWhat Virginia General Assembly, Legislative Information System (Code of Virginia) actually says:\n\n“Any person whose name, portrait, picture, voice, or likeness is used without having first obtained the written consent of such person”\n\nNote: Claude session research 2026-10-23 (web search + fetch of the official page); quote re-checked by the verify gate",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title8.01/chapter3/section8.01-40/",
      "last_verified": "2026-10-23",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Virginia General Assembly, Legislative Information System (Code of Virginia)",
      "evidence_quote": "Any person whose name, portrait, picture, voice, or likeness is used without having first obtained the written consent of such person",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "865-virginia-revenge-porn-and-deepfake-laws",
      "subject": "Virginia",
      "topic": "right of publicity",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "VA",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us-va"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "learn_r865_virginia_revenge_porn_and_deepfake_laws_virginia_865_c10",
      "category": "Safety",
      "title": "Virginia: unsolicited intimate image civil action",
      "summary": "Va. Code 8.01-46.2 allows recipients of unsolicited intimate images to recover actual damages or $500, whichever is greater, plus fees.",
      "body": "Va. Code 8.01-46.2 allows recipients of unsolicited intimate images to recover actual damages or $500, whichever is greater, plus fees.\n\nWhat Virginia General Assembly, Legislative Information System (Code of Virginia) actually says:\n\n“shall be liable to the recipient of the intimate image for actual damages or $500, whichever is greater, in addition to reasonable attorney fees and costs.”\n\nNote: Claude session research 2026-10-23 (web search + fetch of the official page); quote re-checked by the verify gate",
      "source_type": "official",
      "source_link": "https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title8.01/chapter3/section8.01-46.2/",
      "last_verified": "2026-10-23",
      "reliability": "STRONG PRACTICE",
      "source_tier": "A",
      "source_publisher": "Virginia General Assembly, Legislative Information System (Code of Virginia)",
      "evidence_quote": "shall be liable to the recipient of the intimate image for actual damages or $500, whichever is greater, in addition to reasonable attorney fees and costs.",
      "volatility": "low",
      "from_batch": "865-virginia-revenge-porn-and-deepfake-laws",
      "subject": "Virginia",
      "topic": "unsolicited intimate image civil action",
      "applies_to_country": "US",
      "applies_to_scope": "VA",
      "tags": {
        "lane": "any",
        "stage": "any",
        "region": [
          "us-va"
        ],
        "platform": "any",
        "topic": [
          "unclassified"
        ],
        "explicitness": "any"
      }
    }
  ]
}